Compensation Of Ceos At Nonprofit Hospitals Essay

Joynt, K. E. (2014). Compensation of CEOs at nonprofit hospitals. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(1), 61–67. f. Data collection procedures and instruments. The authors accessed 7 data sources: (1) publicly available Form 990 tax returns compiled by GuideStar for US hospitals filing as nonprofit entities in 2009; (2) the American Hospital Association annual survey; (3) rural-urban commuting area codes; (4) Hospital Compare data which contains process of care measures and the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey; (5) the 2009 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review File; (6) Medicare cost reports; and (7) the Medicare impact file. This study was approved by the Office of Human Research Administration at the Harvard School of Public Health. Executives were identified from the 990 forms, and 1877 CEOs overseeing 2681 nonfederal, private, nonprofit acute-care hospitals were identified. Also examined were if the hospitals had a larger number of beds, membership in a hospital system or were teaching hospitals. In addition, hospital payor mix was used. The financial performance measures including total margins liquidity and capitalization and occupancy rate data were evaluated as well. Levels of technology were also evaluated. A set of quality metrics endorsed by the National Quality Forum and used by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid ServicesShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Implications Of The Nonprofit Sector1092 Words   |  5 Pagesseveral developments regarding the financial implications of the nonprofit sector. Based on Kucinich (2012), one of those implications was a proposal in the 2012 presidential election by Republican candidate Mitt Romney that would have either eliminated or posed serious limitations to the charitable tax-deduction, and President Obama responded to the policy idea with, â€Å"if you eliminated charitable deductions, that means every hospital and university and not-for-profit agency across the country wouldRead MoreCase Study : Health Law And Policy986 Words   |  4 PagesModule 9 Intro to Health Law and Policy Fall 2014 Nancy Vincent TO: Hospital Board of Directors FROM: Office of the General Counsel RE: CEO Compensation Per the CEO’s anticipated renewal of his contract, the CEO has provided this Office with data the CEO personally obtained concerning salaries of the CEOs of other hospitals in the area. The CEO has requested that he participate on the committee to determine his compensation package, and specifically to participate in determining his own fairRead MoreEssay on Ethical Dilemmas Facing Non-Profit Hospital Ceo Compensation3354 Words   |  14 PagesEthical Dilemmas Facing Non-Profit Hospital CEO Compensation Ethical Dilemmas Facing Non-Profit Hospital CEO Compensation Executive Summary This essay deals with the unethical prevalence of excessive compensation packages granted to nonprofit hospital executives. Nonprofits are highly complex organizations and are vital to the community’s in which they serves. Therefore, it is essential for these organizations to appoint highly motivated individuals knowledgeable of the healthcare industryRead MoreThe Willis Towers Watson Company1551 Words   |  7 Pagessingle community hospital, a teaching hospital or a group of hospitals: executive compensation should be incentivized, the hiring of doctors in executive positions for providers in the nonprofit and for profit sectors is recommended and growing, the collection of vast amounts of data can be compiled to influence executive behavior and positively impact performance, and poor quality indicators directly impact the bottom line in a multitude of ways. Compensation of executives at nonprofit or for profitRead MoreCeo Pay And Corporate Governance2305 Words   |  10 PagesIs CEO Pay Too High and Are Incentives Too Low? P.1 CEO Pay and Corporate Governance in the U.S.: Perceptions, Facts, and Challenges P.2 Not-for-Profit Hospital CEO Performance and Pay: Some Evidence from Connecticut P.3 Chief Executive Compensation: An Empirical study of Fat Cat CEOs P.4 Pay for Performance? CEO Compensation and Acquirer Returns in BHCs P.5 Boards of Directors, CEO Ownership, and the Use of Non-Financial Performance Measures in the CEO Bonus Plan P.6 Is CEO Cash Compensation PunishedRead MoreThe Field Of Health Economics1808 Words   |  8 Pages(and healthcare in general) is the hospital. Surgeries, x-rays, emergency room visits, magnetic reasoning image scans and other important procedures all take place at this very important location. Organizational structure is key in any business, but it plays an especially large role at hospitals, where the stakes are especially high as far as employee job performance is concerned (human lives). There is a copious amount of literature that can be found on hospital structure, thus highlighting its utterRead MoreThe Wounded Warrior Project : Financial Management2840 Words   |  12 PagesWounded Warrior Project; Financial Management Within every business sector, whether for profit or nonprofit, there tends to emerge a power house that dominates all others. In the fast food industry it’s McDonalds, in retail sales it’s Walmart, and within nonprofit charities for injured service members it’s the Wounded Warrior Project, Inc. (WWP). Being in existence for only thirteen years, WWP has grown to such a large organization that it has become a common name among military organizations.Read MoreDisney : Disney s Strongest Presence1007 Words   |  5 PagesKaiser is one of the biggest non-profit health plans in the United States. Kaiser Permanente provides services to more than 10.6 million members. Kaiser Permanente currently has locations in the United States only. It comprises Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and their holdings, The Permanente Medical Groups and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (Kaiser Permanente Share Home Page, 2016) See Health plan membership regions in Figure 1. Disney Staffing Teams Jayne Parker started working atRead MoreA Conflict Of Interest Policy For The Board1618 Words   |  7 Pagesundue influence by persons with a private interest. c) Help protect its Tax exempt status as the Board operates in a manner consistent with their charitable purpose, properly oversee the activities of its directors, and pays no more than reasonable compensation to affiliated physicians and other highly compensated employees like the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operations Officer’s. d) Identify Independent Directors. e) Fulfill part requirements for filing IRS form 990. f) Incorporate proceduresRead MoreHelping Hospitalized Veterans For Veterans3068 Words   |  13 PagesNonprofit organizations have become the interest of many financial investigations over the last twenty years. One firm that found themselves on the wrong end of media scrutiny is Helping Hospitalized Veterans also known as HHV. Helping Hospitalized Veteran’s mission is to help veterans who have been hospitalized rehab from their injuries quicker. This mission is accomplished by making craft kits for veterans to enjoy and take their minds off their current situation. The mission helps recovering veterans

Christianity And Its Impact On Society - 2278 Words

Catholicism A couple decades after Jesus, the Christian Messiah, died , there came a new religion ,which was appealing because it was one of the first religions to show life after death. This religion was Catholicism. This religion has overcame many obstacles to come at where it is today. Catholicism , the largest self-religion branch in christianity, can be explained through the History of Catholicism, the faith of Catholicism, and the structure of the mass and church. The history of Catholicism was long and persecuted religion, that has a history dating back to the times of Jesus. The Catholics believe that Catholicism that traces all the way back to Jesus of Nazareth.(Roman Catholicism,pg.1) According to the gospels , persecution,†¦show more content†¦500, the Church flourished due to new popularity(Ries ..pg.12) Charlemange was crowned the first Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo the third.(Ries,pg.14) Pope Gregory told the monks of England to burn all Idols.( Ries,pg.12)Many Kings who were german became Holy Roman Emperor ( Ries, pg.14) The Great Schism was when the church of christianity officially split, though the Eastern branches of the Church had long been divided on religious beliefs .(Ries,pg.17) Pope Gregory VII made and reinstated the papal Primacy( Ries,pg.14) Pope Gregory VII stopped kings from appointing bishops with the treaty known as the Concordat at Worms.( Ries,p14.) The Faith of Catholics ranges in a wide variety and is based on the stories in the bible , and explains life’s most meaningful questions . Catholics believes that Adam and Eve created original sin, which now all people are born with.(The essentials of†¦, p.1) For it to be a moral sin , it have to be a grave matter, full knowledge, and deliberate consent. (the essentials of ...,p.11) A grave matter is when you deliberately do something evil. (the essentials of..., p.11) Full knowledge is when you do something with all knowing in mind.(the essentials of†¦, p.11) Deliberate consent is when you freely chose to do something evil. (the essentials of†¦, p.11) A venial sin is a small sin that can be saved with blessing

How Does One’s Relationship to One’s Past Influence One’s Present Essay Sample free essay sample

Everyone needs to hold a clear apprehension of where he or she wants to travel in the hereafter through cognizing what one has learned through the yesteryear. The key to this apprehension is self-awareness and credence of our personality. civilization. and all the events that have shaped us. both positive and negative. We must be able to place our prejudices and ability to be nonsubjective or subjective. topic to what we have been socialized to cognize. In order to be nonsubjective and engage in the hereafter. we must recognize the consequence that others have had on our socialisation procedure and inquiry this. To travel on to be aesthetically. academic minds. we must get down as a â€Å"clean slate† with a connexion to our yesteryear. but non a trust on this past zone of comfort. We must set about the hard procedure of recognizing that we may non truly cognize what we think we know. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does One’s Relationship to One’s Past Influence One’s Present? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parents may hold guided us with the best purposes. but without all the facts. To be connected with the people in our yesteryear. requires that we understand and appreciate their wisdom and instructions. but that we must now get down to oppugn all of this. It is non a move of discourtesy or neglect. but alternatively. the first measure to appreciating others values and ideas. different from ours. We can so. get down to organize our ain egos more to the full and productively. The hereafter can be dashing in its ambiguity. We may be full of inquiries and frights of it. But. we have all seen successes and failures in a past. in some respect. and have learned from these experiences. We have all been applauded or antagonized and have learned to get the better of unfavorable judgment and to take ownership of our positive workss. From this past experience. comes our readying for the pros and cons of each of our projects in the hereafter. We have learned what it is like to be judged and. hopefully can link to the yesteryear. to non judge others and be unfastened and willing to new thoughts. people. and topographic points. We can non be prisoners of the past. we need to liberate ourselves for the unsure freedom of acquiring to cognize ourselves and the universe around us in a better manner. The yesteryear will ever be the past and is inactive in its place in our lives. We must come to accept the invariably traveling present to the hereafter and larn to be speedy in our surveies and our attending. Hopefully. the yesteryear has prepared us for a invariably germinating universe and hereafter. If it has non. we must rapidly larn to be speedy. We may desire to reminisce about slower and safer times. but we were immature in the yesteryear. so we must larn to be grownups. No affair what our age. we invariably grow in cognition and ability to utilize our wisdom. so our yesteryear must be viewed as both our childhood and our first phase of oppugning the universe around us. The hereafter represents the accretion of all our past readying and ideals of flawlessness. non merely for ourselves. but for the whole universe. In this yesteryear are other superb minds and pioneers that we can turn to for inspiration and penetration into ourselves. We can link with them in theory and Hagiographas to see how much of history repetitions itself and will go on to reiterate itself in the hereafter. It is our responsibility to retrieve the yesteryear. so non to hold to reiterate it. to invariably introduce better ways to work out the world’s jobs. If we can keep our relationship to the yesteryear without going mired in it and all of the information that may discourage us from detecting existent truths. we will merely so. be successful pupils and subscribers to a better universe for the hereafter.

Regulation in Mass Media free essay sample

The responsibility of the FCC and their regulations are often questioned if they are necessary or not. By examining Horwitz’s â€Å"The Evolution of the American Telecommunication System and the Origin of Communication Regulation. ,† one could take the side that the regulation of media is necessary. Regulation of media is necessary to prevent a monopoly which is one company controlling the entire market. If there was a monopoly on media then the company could charge and price whatever they want and only give service to those they wanted to. By having media regulations this is not able to happen. Natural monopolies in wired carriers, which are monopolies approved by the FCC, keep costs down and prevent a cluttering of wiring in the air or ripping up streets to install underground wiring. The first sign of natural monopoly was with ATT and the telephone. According to Horowitz, it states: â€Å"Under the leadership of Theodor Vail, ATT maintain the telephony constitution a natural monopoly. One policy, one system, and universal service’ was Vail’s ot-reapted slogan. † (Horowitz, Page 99) Vail argued that by having more then one provider there would be a waste of resources and if there was one provider pooling its resources they would be able to provide a better service to the customer. Though this might be true, unless there is regulation by the government this idea of natural monopoly would be horrible. Now the FCC regulates any kind of natural monopoly that exists within universal carriers of a media. The beginning of regulation began with the start of large scale communication, other then print, in 1835 when Samuel Morse proved a signal that could transmitted a message by wire. Morse used pulses of current to provide a written code on a strip of paper. This code became known as the Morse Code. Morse gave a public demonstration in 1838 to congress, but it took congress over five years to fund Morse’s experiment of the telegraph. Congress funded Morse $30,000 to construct a 40 mile experiment from Washington to Baltimore, using telegraph wire. It took six years before a message was sent and received over the telegraph wire. This was the first time a message had been transferred other then print or word of mouth. Western Union became the main provider of the telegraph service, and became a monopoly in 1867. The telegraph created the umbrella of commerce, which was the first time the government intervened with communications. According to Horwitz, a common carrier obligation was established for all carriers that provided service for the telegraph. Telegraph companies resemble railroad companies and other common carries, in that they are instruments of commerce and in that they exercise a public employment and are therefore bound to serve all customers alike without discriminations, they have doubtless a duty to the public to receive to the extent of there capacity all messages clearly and intelligible written and to transmit them upon reasonable terms but they are not common carriers, there duties are different and are perfo rmed in different ways and they are not subject the same liabilities. (Horowitz, Page 95, 96) What this law meant was that there could be no discrimination in who the provider wanted to extend service to. In 1895 the first radio message was transmitted by Marconi. Radio area waves were open to who ever could make a device to transmit messages to other people with the same device. Broadcasting became more and more popular. According to Horwitz, â€Å"broadcasting-the dissemination of electrical messages through the airwaves to an undifferentiated audience-may not have been contemplated, but it was inherited in the technology of radio. (Horowitz, Page 112) Radio became more and more popular and the government stepped in like they did with the telegraph and telephone and began regulating radio. The first major regulation was the Radio Act of 1912. Before this, radio waves were open to the public. The airwaves started to become too crowded and the U. S. government decided to take actio n. The Radio Act of 1912 established government control over the airwaves and created guidelines for issuing licenses and distributing radio airwaves. The Radio Act of 1927 was the second major act that was established to regulate the media industry. This act created the Federal Radio Communications (FRC), which was responsible for giving licenses to broadcasters. This act also made it so that the radio airwaves were a public resource. As a result, broadcasters were required to serve the public interest. The regulations of broadcasted media and the regulation of print media are different. The regulation of print deals with copyright laws. Anyone could publish anything they want but if some one uses someone else’s words without proper notation they could be sued. Print is regulated more when dealing with news print; for example the newspaper. Most print media would not use profanity or any kind of naked pictures. Print media is mostly written based on ethics. The writer tries not to take sides or out right seem bias towards one particular side. Broadcast media like radio have different kinds of regulations. In order to have air time on the radio one needs to have a license. Radio also must provide a public service toward the listener. Radio just like print media tends to stay away from profanity and over sexual connotations. Print media usually has a fee, whereas, radio is free to the public. Both of these media’s have regulations but have different kinds of regulations from the FCC. Overall, the world of mass media has many regulations that exist. These regulations are decided by the FCC, which is an independent government agency created under the Communications Act of 1934. At the beginning the FCC was responsible for regulating broadcast, telegraph, and telephone. Now the FCC has expanded its regulations to include new communication technologies such as: the satellite, microwave, cellular telephones, PCS service and private radio communications. As one could see, the responsibilities of the FCC are necessary in monitoring both the delivery system and the actual media itself. Overall, by using Horwitz’s â€Å"The Evolution of the American Telecommunication System and the Origin of Communication Regulation. ,† one could tell the history of regulation and how important it really is to the people.

Television Violence And Its Effects On Children Essays - Behavior

Television Violence and Its Effects on Children This literature review is based on the effects of television violence on children. More specifically, it deals with the relationship found between television violence and aggression found in young children. I chose this topic because I found it interesting to learn that studies have indeed found a connection between television viewing and the behavior of people, especially children. The first study reviewed is entitled "Television Violence and Children's Aggression: Testing the Priming. Social script, and Disinhibition Predictions," by Wendy Josephson. Josephson begins her study by commenting on other studies which pertain to the idea of television violence leading to aggressiveness in children's behavior. She acknowledges that, in fact, there are still differing views over whether or not behavior is affected by the violence. However, Josephson tends to rely more on the idea that it is affected and feels that more research should be directed to this area. Mostly, attention is focused on factors such as the disinhibition effect and cue-triggered aggression. Josephson aims to differentiate these two areas and how they are affected by television violence. The overall purpose of her study is to research the effect this violence has on boys' aggression. Special emphasis is placed on factors such as teacher-rated characteristic aggressiveness in the boys, timing of frustration (before or after watching the televised violence, and violence related cues. Josephson's study is detailed and technical. However, sometimes it gets very difficult to understand the study due to the many advanced, technical terms used. The purpose of the study is somewhat easy to determine, and the three hypotheses on which she bases her research on are outlined clearly in the end of the review. It is understandable, from the review, how she came to her hypotheses. The second study reviewed is by Leonard D. Eron. Titled "Interventions to Mitigate the Psychological Effects of Media Violence on Aggressive Behavior," it begins with Eron's realization that although many studies were conducted which support the link between violence on television and aggressive behavior, very few studies have been conducted which attempt to intervene between the two. Interventions between television violence and aggression could be useful because, then studies could be conducted on reducing the effects of violence on the viewer. Also, the results of such a study could be helpful in researching the cause and effect relationship which may exist between the two. However, this would require that the interventions pertain exclusively to television viewing and that any other areas of intervention are controlled. If the aggressive behavior is reduced, it could support the theory of a causal effect as convincingly as a study performed in a carefully controlled laboratory experiment. The literature review is clear and easy to understand. Eron states at the beginning what his study is about. However, it is not clear in the review, at first, that his study deals with young children. This should have been more apparent since different results are expected depending on who the study involves. It is apparent, however, that his intentions are to study the results which would come from a study involving intervening variables between television violence and aggressive behavior. "Effects of Realistic TV Violence vs. Fictional Violence on Aggression" by Charles Atkin is the third study to be reviewed. Atkin's study starts off by stating that much evidence supports the theory that televised violence contributes to rising amounts of aggression found among young people. He focuses his literature review on the aspect of reality vs. fantasy in violence. More realistic forms of violence are said to lead to greater aggression. His study deals with the comparison of aggressive responses in pre-adolescents to real news violence and fictional entertainment violence. Reality, in the case of these studies, is perceived by the viewer. The viewer determines whether or not the violence appears real by the extent to which the events really did or could exist in the real world or through similarities which the event holds with the viewers social or physical environment. If a violent situation appears real, the viewer is more likely to identify with it. Therefore, it is said to lead to more aggression than violence in unrealistic situations. Atkins seeks, in his study, causal evidence of impact which takes into account reality violence, fantasy violence, and no violence treatments. Atkin gives a clear, understandable idea of what his study is about. This lit review was very well done. His purpose was clear and his hypotheses were well explained at the end of the review. By explaining the information lacking in previous studies, it was

Nothing to do with Raspberries, Exactly

Nothing to do with Raspberries, Exactly Nothing to do with Raspberries, Exactly Nothing to do with Raspberries, Exactly By Maeve Maddox You may soon be seeing media coverage of a newly discovered threat to the already endangered honey bee population called Rasberry crazy ants. This previously unnoticed type of ant is thought to have entered the U.S. by way of a Texas port and is now busily at work destroying honey bee larvae and other things that human beings value. Rasberry crazy ants are named for an exterminator named Tom Rasberry who first noticed their destructive habits in 2002. Theyve already caused millions of dollars of damage in Texas. Honey bees are not their only target. The ants are attracted to electrical equipment and chew through insulation, causing short circuits. Their scientific name is paratrenicha species near pubens. The epithet crazy comes from the fact that these ants dont travel in straight lines, but wander from side to side. Since their scientific name is not likely to catch on, we can expect to see the word Rasberry in the news, a circumstance that may lead to confusion among insecure spellers. The name of the fruit is spelled raspberry. raspberry: 1623, earlier raspis berry (1548), possibly from raspise a sweet rose-colored wine (c.1460), from Anglo-L. vinum raspeys, origin uncertain, as is the connection between this and O.Fr. raspe, M.L. raspecia, raspeium, also meaning raspberry. One suggestion is via Old Walloon raspoie thicket, of Gmc. origin. Raspberries can self-pollinate, but cross-pollination carried on by bees improves fruit weight and shape. Most of the fruit we like to eat, however, depends entirely on bees for pollination. As a volunteer Master Gardener Im especially aware of the plight of the honey bee. Its astounding to me that some politicians and journalists seem to find the topic laughable. NOTE: Some dictionaries list the forms honeybee or honey-bee. Entomologists write it as two words. Paratrenicha species near pubens Colony Collapse Disorder article about bee ridicule in the media Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of HumorUsing the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingNominalized Verbs

Advance marketing strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advance marketing strategy - Case Study Example e factors that necessitated the requirement of a CEO was who will be able to maneuver these challenges and meet the company goals and expectations (Stern, Neil & Willard, 2008). They were the resultant effect of not meeting the company’s goals due to the high low pricing strategy. This is a case whereby the retailer has to do with frequent sales so that customers enjoy huge discounts on their purchases at the expense of the company maximizing on its high prices. Declining market share is a clear indication of the weakening value of the country’s currency. Closure of stores translates to loss of jobs and a clear indication of the likelihood of losing on the company’s revenue. To solve this situation there had to be major key actors in restoring confidence not just to the customers but to the shareholders as well. Johnson is one of the major key players in this strategy. He was the CEO of the company at a time when the company was expecting to make the major transition from the high low pricing strategy to the fair price strategy (Dongwon, 2009). He was the vice president at Target in the 1990s during which he saw to it that the mass merchandiser was transformed into a hot retail brand selling stylish and affordable brands. It was at this time that he also negotiated a contract with Micheal Graves who was a designer. This was to be the first of the company’s high end sales that helped to market the company as a high end store. It was intended to give the company a competitive edge over other competitors. With a shift from high low pricing strategy to a fair and square pricing strategy the company would make sales throughout the year. Shopping experience would not be seen as a seasonal affair but as an experience that a customer would choose to have at their own disposal and with their own terms. Another key player was William Ackman who was a major shareholder of the company of approximately 18%.he was very instrumental in advocating for Johnson to take up

BRL Hardy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

BRL Hardy - Essay Example Further, there is discussion of the strategy developed by Christopher Carson, the marketing manager for the European segment to build and sustain BRL Hardy’s competitive advantage in the European wine market in 1995-1998. It also analyses the outsourcing challenges and strategic options available for meeting the challenges. Evaluation of Steve Miller’s approach Steve Millar’s approach of making BRL Hardy one of the world’s first truly global wine companies was based on the is based on the focus on three most important aspects of the company i.e. the world class production facilities of the companies, global brands of the company and its international distribution. Millar has the approach of making BRL hardy a true international company through the capability of global branding (Voelpel et al 2005). As the focus of Steve Millar is to establish the brand as truly international and global, integrated wine production is the approach followed that includes global branding strategy with strong marketing capability and distribution system. Strategic alliance is the model applied for executing global strategy of the company. The dynamic nee organizational capabilities are built through targeted strategic alliance building with companies situated in various parts of the world, such as Italy, USA and Spain (Bartlett and Beamish 2011). C ritically evaluating the approach of strategic alliance for following the globalization, there are several advantages of this approach. Firstly, the company gets the access to supplementary services. It is important as well as quite critical for the success of the business that the business focuses on the core competencies (Stonehouse et al 2004). A strategic alliance enables the company to offer its clients a range of new services without making the client lose its focus on the capabilities and the specialized services. Secondly, the company gets the opportunity to reach new markets. When a company enters the strategic alliance, it automatically increases the brand awareness in an entirely new market venture which the company could not reach before because of the availability of the limited resources. It allows the business to expand the business and increase the market share (Frynas and Mellahi 2011). Thirdly, there is an increase in the brand awareness. When there is an opportuni ty to grow the size of the market with the alliance, it also presents an additional opportunity of increasing the brand awareness. One of the most important elements of the success of the business is constant as well as growing brand awareness (Campbell et al 2011). If there is no growth in brand awareness, then there is no growth in the business as well. Without putting extra cost and time, the brand awareness is grown among the wider audience. Fourthly, there is an increase in the number of customers and the clientele as strategic alliance exposes the company to new customer base in the target market (Dewit and Meyer 2010). As in the BRL hardy case, the company experiences huge success as strategic alliances with companies situated in Spain, USA and Italy, etc. has added essential infrastructure, expertise and finance including technological infrastructure. The main objective of the company i.e. global branding with strong distribution and marketing is attained through this approa ch of strategic alliances followed by Steve Millar (Voelpel et al 2005). Although, there are several

President Barack Obama Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

President Barack Obama - Research Paper Example There is the United States of America.† His inspiring keynote speech appealed to all American’s who longed for politics with a common goal.   Throughout his 2008 presidential campaign, Obama remained true to this premise, promising to ease the partisan divide in Washington D.C.   However, he severely miscalculated the profound division between the political parties, misunderstood the reasons for the division, and assumed, erroneously, that his persuasive powers and political mandate would be enough to overcome it. The genesis of future difficulties began during his campaign. Obama’s overly optimistic message raised expectations so high for that those who voted for him were destined for disappointment.   The enthusiasm his campaign generated proved to be both beneficial and detrimental. While his message rallied many voters,’ especially unprecedented numbers of young persons and minorities encouraging them to anticipate change of a speed and scope that the political system seldom allows.   Following the inauguration the customary checks and balances of Washington were realized along with unexpected and extraordinary opposition of the minority party became apparent the feeling of hope present during the campaign turned into uncertainty and then disillusion. The Democratic Party made tremendous gains in the election of 2008. Barack Obama beat Republican John McCain in the presidential race by an overwhelming margin. Democrats also increased their majorities in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. Obama’s won the national popular vote by margin of approximately ten million. â€Å"He has won by the largest margin for a non-incumbent candidate for president since Eisenhower in 1952.† (Fernando, 2011) Essentially, the election result was a mass rejection of George W. Bush administration policies along with the Republican Party’s political platform and effectively ended almost three decades of rule by the right-wing ideology. The

French Essays French Society

French Essays French Society ‘Les liaisons dangereuses’ and the position of women in eighteenth-century french society.   Abstract This research analyses in depth Les Liaison Dangereuses by Pierre Ambrose Choderlos de Laclos, paying a particular attention to the emancipatory subtext of the novel in regard to the position of women in eighteenth-century French society. The received results reveal that Laclos rises against the subordinate position of women and considers that it is crucial to provide women with freedom. However, the writer demonstrates that freedom without appropriate education and true morality can result in many negative consequences. Applying to different characters and different liaisons, Laclos reflects the conflicts between two opposite sexes that occur because of the wish of both males and females to occupy superior positions in French society. In this regard, some findings of this research are consistent with the results received in earlier studies and critical analyses on Laclos’ novel, while other findings oppose to them.   Ã‚   1 Statement of the problem Eighteenth-century France experienced rather complex gender tensions, as, on the one hand, the period of Enlightenment and the French Revolution gave rise to the ideas of liberty and equality between men and women, but, on the other hand, women were still associated with the position of a mother and a wife, restricting their participation in other spheres of social and political life. However, despite such stereotypic vision on females, some philosophers and writers of that era opposed to this perception of women, applying to a certain emancipatory subtext in their literary works. Pierre Ambrose Choderlos de Laclos belongs to such French writers; in his well-known novel Les Liaison Dangereuses he criticises education of women in eighteenth-century France and uncovers the inferior position of women in those times. Laclos is one of the first authors who manage to express his views on the failed social system that inspires the conflicts between two opposite sexes. 2 Introduction Pierre Ambrose Choderlos de Laclos (1741 – 1803), a general of Napoleon and the secretary of the Duc d’Orleans, was born in a rather noble family and devoted his life to a military career. However, at the age of forty, Laclos became a revolutionary and feminist writer, having written only two literary works that were both admired and criticised in his times. He met his future wife Marie-Soulange Duperrà © in 1783 and soon married her. Laclos became the member of the Club of the Jacobins in 1790 and was even imprisoned for his political activity. Pierre Choderlos de Laclos was greatly influenced by the works of Jean-Jacque Rousseau, especially by his epistolary novel Nouvelle Hà ©loise; and this influence is obvious in both of Laclos’ works L’Education des Femmes and Les Liaison Dangereuses. But it was the novel Les Liaison Dangereuses that brought popularity to Laclos, as well as social rejection, because this literary work appeared to be â€Å"a portra it of an age whose tragedy lies in the waste of its great gifts†1. The eighteenth century was the period of Libertinage in France, when some people rejected all social norms and struggled for free will. These libertines eliminated emotions and pointed at the necessity of intelligence. Libertinage was supported by the regent Philippe of Orleans who substituted religion and virtues for freedom and vice. However, this was also a period of female subordination, that’s why libertines were mainly males, because women, due to their poor education, were considered as unfit for any display of free will. They were regarded as inferior to men, because their intellectual abilities were reduced only to the domestic sphere. As a result, women were psychologically destroyed creatures that were controlled and manipulated by males in French patriarchal world. These females were deprived of any possibility to take part in political, military or cultural life of society. But Laclos destroys these stereotypes in his epistolary novel Les Liaison Dangereuses, demo nstrating that not only males, but females as well may be libertines. The writer is not satisfied with the treatment of women in his times; thus his motives in writing L’Education des Femmes and Les Liaison Dangereuses can be explained by Laclos’ wish to protect women from men by means of female independence. However, Laclos considers that female freedom is both good and dangerous, because society, in which a woman lives, is too false and preoccupied with wrong stereotypes. Although the writer points at the necessity of education for a woman, he believes that good education will help her in her private life rather than inspire a female to utilise her freedom for any other activity. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the extent of the emancipatory subtext concerning the position of women in eighteenth-century French society in Pierre Choderlos de Laclos’ novel Les Liaison Dangereuses. The research paper is divided into several sections. Chapter 1 reveals a statement of the problem that points at the problematic of the conducted analysis. Chapter 2 demonstrates a general overview of the issue, evaluating the social and political contexts and Laclos’ motivations for the utilisation of emancipatory elements in his literary works. Chapter 3 observes the opinions of various critics on Les Liaison Dangereuses. Chapter 4 points at the theoretical research methods that are applied for the research. Chapter 5 provides a profound investigation of the emancipatory subtext in Laclos’ novel, paying a particular attention to women and their roles in French society. Briefly observing Laclos’ essays L’Education des Femmes, this chapter further analyses female characters of Les Liaison Dangereuses and their relations with male characters, uncovering gender tensions of the eighteenth century and the negative results of social inequality. Chapter 6 conducts the summarisation of the received findings, and Chapter 7 reveals the limitations of the research and provides some suggestions for further analysis of Laclos’ novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚   3 Review of the literature Les Liaison Dangereuses has raised hot debates among various critics since the time of its publication. Earlier criticism regards this novel as one of the first feminist literary works, but as Suellen Diaconoff claims, â€Å"in the past ten or fifteen years the assessment of Choderlos de Laclos’ treatment of women has undergone significant revision†2. Some contemporary critics point at a misogynist context of the novel in addition to the emancipatory subtext, while other researchers consider that Les Liaison Dangereuses uncovers female weakness and male dominance. Such contradictory viewpoints reflect the ambiguous vision of women’s roles in Laclos’ narration, as the writer provides his female characters with the power to resist and the power to withdraw. According to Martin Turnell, Les Liaison Dangereuses â€Å"has been called the most impersonal novel in the French language and certainly the author is not to be found in it†3. The major criticism of the work in the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries regards its moral side; many critics considered Les Liaison Dangereuses to be a threat to readers, as the novel provided a new vision on the issue of virtue and was â€Å"morally dangerous or historically fanciful†4. Although Baudelaire praised Laclos’ epistolary novel, the spread of Romanticism depreciated this praising, regarding the work as a literary piece, where â€Å"reason and cold analysis triumph†5. However, by the middle of the nineteenth century the researchers began to take a particular interest in Les Liaison Dangereuses, analysing the writer’s realism and the characters’ psychology. In particular, Byrne points at a profound morality of the novel, claiming that the book provides â€Å"a ‘correct’ moral viewpoint which only a churl would find fault with†6. Other critics reveal pessimistic aspects in the described sentimentality of the eighteenth-century fiction, in particular, John Mullan considers that French novelists â€Å"were able to concede that habits of sociability were limited or exceptional, only just surviving in a world in which fellow-feeling was rare and malevolence prevailed†7. This is especially true in regard to Laclos who demonstrates these pessimistic aspects throughout the narration. Peter Conroy analyses a close connection between two males in Les Liaison Dangereuses, revealing that such bonding results in female d estruction, for instance, when Valmont provides Danceny with the letters to destroy Mme de Merteuil8. The researcher considers that male bonding reflects one of the crucial aspects of female oppression in French society. Thus, despite the novel’s criticism and rejection in the eighteenth century, Les Liaison Dangereuses is considered to be one of the most popular epistolary works. 4 Research methodology This dissertation applies to three theoretical research methods – a social constructionist approach, a discourse analytical approach and a feminist approach. With the help of these methods the paper investigates the discussed issue from various perspectives and provides valid explanation to the emancipatory subtext of Laclos’ novel Les Liaison Dangereuses. As an appropriate tool for investigation, the social constructionist approach regards people as the products of society that defines particular roles for them. In this regard, this approach is especially important for analysing the position of women in eighteenth-century French society and the reflection of this vision in a particular epistolary work. The discourse analytical approach provides an opportunity to discuss the emancipatory subtext of the novel in its close connection with social and political conditions of France. It allows to evaluate the consequences of the dominant position of males over females and to uncover the inequality of both genders before the French Revolution. The feminist approach reveals the impact of certain social stereotypes on the portrayal of females in French literature, exposing the negative consequences of these ideologies on women of the eighteenth century. This approach evaluates the roles and positions of women through the principal female characters of a literary work, simultaneously pointing at the differentiation between men and women.  Ã‚      5 Discussion 5.1. ‘L’Education des Femmes’ Before the publication of his epistolary novel Les Liaison Dangereuses, Laclos wrote three essays on female education that were compiled together under the name L’Education des Femmes. In the era of Enlightenment this issue became especially crucial in France and was of particular interest to Laclos. As Turnell puts it, Laclos â€Å"only discusses those feelings which interest other people as well as himself†9. In his essays Laclos depicts his own vision on the position of women in French society and the ways to improve their conditions. The ideas presented in L’Education des Femmes are implicitly reflected in Laclos’ novel, that’s why it is crucial to observe these essays for better understanding of the emancipatory subtext of Les Liaison Dangereuses. In the first essay the writer points at the fact that an advanced education won’t make the lives of women better, instead he claims that it is necessary to introduce social changes that will im prove a female position10. Laclos considers that women do not have enough freedom and are usually treated as slaves by males; they prefer to adhere to social standards rather than to oppose them. Although Laclos proclaims the necessity of freedom for women, he slightly transforms this viewpoint in the second and the third essays. In particular, he claims that a woman should be protected, but not liberated. Despite such ambiguous vision, L’Education des Femmes reveals the truth about the position of females in Laclos’ times and simultaneously uncovers the contradictions that emerged in France in that period. These contradictions were a direct result of the emerged liberty and the preservation of the older social stereotypes. On the one hand, Laclos rises against the limitation of female freedom, but, on the other hand, he doesn’t really reveal the ways to free a woman. Laclos reveals that in the struggle for dominance, men and women destroy each other: males treat females as their slaves, while women utilise their sexuality to prove their own superiority. As females are deprived of equality with men in social and political spheres, they start to manipulate males with the help of sex. According to Laclos, this constant sex war greatly depends on the ability of a woman to diversify sexual re lations. However, as Laclos demonstrates further, there is a danger that such manipulation will turn against women. Laclos implicitly shows that enslavement of women by men is inspired by this particular manipulation. As a woman starts to depend on her sexuality, she reduces herself to a position of a slave. Thus, though the writer criticises the dominance of French males over women in the eighteenth century, he doesn’t provide an actual proposal for changes that will improve female positions. The same approach is maintained by Laclos in his novel Les Liaison Dangereuses. 5.2. The emancipatory subtext of ‘Les Liaison Dangereuses’ In Les Liaison Dangereuses Pierre Choderlos de Laclos creates the characters that belong to the French aristocracy and that apply to cruelty and deceit to disgrace other people. Although this novel received unusual population after its publication in 1782, the writer was immediately criticised and rejected by the members of the upper class society. According to Turnell, â€Å"The Liaisons was read by everyone and discussed in all the salons, but the people who read him with most passion shut their doors in his face†11. Such attitude can be explained by the fact that Laclos reveals the truth about French aristocracy, the truth that people could no longer avoid. On the example of such characters as Cà ©cile de Volanges and Mme de Volanges the writer demonstrates the negative consequences of poor female education and the superior position of men over women. On the other hand, introducing such female characters as the Marquise de Merteuil and the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel, Laclos simultaneously implements the emancipatory subtext into his narration. Throughout the novel Mme de Merteuil tries to achieve a dominant position over other people, including the Vicomte de Valmont, her former lover. Discussing the relations between Mme de Merteuil and Valmont, Turnell claims that â€Å"they are both so determined to dominate, so impatient of any restraint, that Mme de Merteuil cannot make up her mind to return permanently to Valmont†12. It is this female character that involves Valmont into her intrigues and further induces his death. Mme de Merteuil’s wit and determination make her superior to men. Since the very beginning Mme de Merteu il makes constant attempts to manipulate Valmont. As a result, Laclos’ epistolary work dispels a prolonged illusion created by the majority of French novels that were primarily â€Å"a smoke-screen that concealed the exploits of the aristocracy from the rest of the world†13. Characterising his characters through their letters, the writer uncovers the inner degradation of aristocracy before the French Revolution. As Emile Dard puts it, â€Å"people recognised their portraits in them and the likeness was so good that they could not turn their horrified gaze from this new image of themselves†14. According to the discourse analytical approach, it is possible to evaluate people through their expressed ideas15, thus Laclos applies to the characters’ letters to uncover people’s essence and reveal his own vision on both males and females. According to Laclos, a French woman is greatly controlled by a social machine that allows men to take possession over women. As Turnell states, â€Å"The role of the female is to be ‘defeated’ by the predatory male†¦ Yet the defeated woman is not so much victim as an accomplice†16. In other words, as a woman marries a man and is defeated by him, she becomes a part of him, because â €Å"the engagement does not end in ‘victory’ for one party and ‘defeat’ for the other. It is a combination of the two, victory-and-defeat†17. However, in the case of Mme de Merteuil, the situation is quite different, because this female character is not â€Å"restrained by any inhibition, by any feeling of guilt or shame†18. Letter 81 reveals Mme de Merteuil’s personal explanation of her behaviour and actions. In particular, Mme de Merteuil points out that she greatly differs from other females of her social class, as she possesses strong principles that are not based on some established rules, but instead are created by her in the process of deep reflection. Even the first sexual intercourse of this character with her husband is regarded by her as the possibility to experience both pain and pleasure, to explore something new and utilise new experience for her own benefits. In this letter Mme de Merteuil puts herself in a superior position over others, even over politicians, and reveals that she is able to get pleasure from various things, not only from love. On the contrary, she eliminates love, because it p revents her from intrigues. As the feminist approach reveals, such behaviour of a woman is understandable, because under constant social oppression from the side of men, some females begin to act similar to men, acquiring male features and rejecting excessive emotionality19. In this regard, Laclos’ novel differs from the novels of the seventeenth century, as Turnell puts it, â€Å"there is no interior conflict in the minds of Laclos’ two principal characters because the elements of conflict – love as well as duty – have been removed†20. Instead, the writer introduces an exterior conflict between Mme de Merteuil and the Vicomte de Valmont, that is, the conflict between a male and female that uncovers the emancipatory subtext of the narration. Demonstrating the relations between two opposite sexes, Laclos reveals not the tensions between individuals, but the conflicts that emerge when old stereotypes collide with the attempts to oppose to this social system. Laclos divides his characters into two parties: on the one side, there are Mme de Volanges and Cà ©cile de Volanges with their traditional moral values, but, on the other side, there are Valmont and Mme de Merteuil who oppose to any conventions and involve other peop le into their intrigues. On the basis of this division Laclos reflects three kinds of relations. Mme de Merteuil and Valmont are engaged in the relations that are characteristic for the eighteenth century, that is, they eliminate any emotions, proving that sexual pleasure doesn’t depend on desires and feelings. The relations between the Chevalier de Dancery and Cà ©cile de Volanges are of different nature, they are based on sentimental emotions. The relations between Mme de Merteuil and Dancery, Valmont and Cà ©cile, Valmont and the Prà ©sidente reflect the wish of Valmont and Mme de Merteuil to take revenge on their enemies, but, on the other hand, they reflect their desire â€Å"to get at conventional morality†21. They involve such young and naà ¯ve girl as Cà ©cile into their intrigues, fully ignoring the feelings of this female. Cà ©cile who is regarded as a child by everyone around her feels uncertainty and fear, when she starts to interact with other members of society. She is a beautiful female, but she lacks both intellect and free will, and her princ iples reflect the social norms that existed in France in the eighteenth century. Thus, Cà ©cile de Volanges is a stereotypic female, a product of French society that regards her as a toy; such characters may be easily involved in any intrigues and be destroyed. As Cà ©cile claims to her friend, â€Å"What made me most uneasy was that I did not know what they thought about me. I think I heard two or three times the word ‘pretty’, but I very distinctly heard ‘awkward’22. According to the feminist approach, such behaviour of a woman is a direct result of female subjugation that develops weakness and excessive emotionality in her23. As a result of this constant subordination, Cà ©cile greatly depends on social opinion, but Mme de Merteuil doesn’t want to understand the weakness of Cà ©cile, instead she utilises this naivety for her own benefits. The same regards Mme de Volanges, a mother of Cecile; pretending to be her close friend, Mme de Merteuil assigns a certain role for Mme de Volanges. But, adhering to traditional morality, Mme de Volanges decides to tell the truth about Valmont to the Prà ©sidente, thus â€Å"play[ing] the Male game in leading the anti-Merteuil party†24. But Laclos reveals that new morality of Mme de Merteuil is based on evil and thus, results in many negative consequences. Substituting one morality for another, Mme de Merteuil wants to prove her freedom and her superiority over other people. However, in this sex battle Mme de Merteuil destroys herself. Although this female character manages to convey her emancipatory behaviour, Laclos shows that wrong upbringing and poor education of Mme de Merteuil deprive her of the possibility to utilise her intelligence for better things than revenge. On the other hand, the writer introduces such female characters as Mme de Rosamonde and the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel who embody true virtue in contrast to both traditional virtue and the virtue of Mme de Merteuil. As a result, Mme de Merteuil realises that these female characters, especially the Prà ©sidente, are dangerous for her. The Prà ©sidente is not only a sincere woman, but she also has a great impact on Valmont, making him â€Å"forget his famous principles†25. Mme de Merteuil understands that the Prà ©sidente is a threat to her relations with Valmont and her intrigues, thus she makes Valmont eliminate this female, simultaneously eliminating true virtue. Mme de Merteui l exceeds Valmont and other characters of the narration, because she possesses powerful intelligence and inexorability. She stresses on the fact that by the time she was fifteen, she had more talents than any politician; such viewpoint is â€Å"the measure of her powers and of her tragedy†26. Contrary to Mme de Merteuil, Valmont embodies a weakness, because he possesses sentimentality that brings him to destruction. The eighteenth-century was preoccupied with the principles of rationalism that rejected any display of sentimentality. Mme de Merteuil manages to get rid of this sentimental shortcoming, while Valmont preserves it, although he doesn’t want to admit this truth. As a result, Mme de Merteuil constantly criticises Valmont, considering that the opposite sex has no virtues and abilities. Mme de Merteuil is superior to Valmont, because she has an unusual gift for understanding inner worlds of other people, while Valmont’s ‘principles’ do not allow him to develop a deep insight of the world and people around him. Mme de Merteuil and Valmont are engaged in the struggle against each other, reflecting their desires to achieve dominance. In this struggle love and hatred coexist together, revealing the essence of relations between men and women i n eighteenth century France. When Mme de Merteuil involves Valmont into her intrigues and makes him establish relations with other women, she still wants to possess Valmont; she doesn’t want to admit that another female may substitute her. As Fellows and Razack puts it, â€Å"Women challenged about their domination by calling attention to their own subordination†¦ If a woman is subordinate herself, she cannot then be implicated in the subordination of others†27. However, this is not the case with Mme de Merteuil who rejects subordination of men over her, but is involved in subordination of both males and females. Comparing herself with Dalila, Mme de Merteuil reveals that as â€Å"for the man each conquest is a victory for his sex; for the woman it is equally a victory for hers, because in allowing herself to be seduced, she dominates the male and deprives him of his strength†28. Mme de Merteuil considers that in the process of seduction both sexes achieve victory, but males fail to rea lise that women change them into slaves. Such female viewpoint reflects the core of the emancipatory subtext of the novel, but simultaneously it uncovers the conflict between sexes. According to Jean Giraudoux, â€Å"the battle begins the moment that each sex regards the other as its accomplice†29. As Valmont starts to compare Mme de Merteuil with other females, with the whole female sex, she starts to experience hatred and anger towards her former lover, aggravating the tensions between them. Valmont’s death is the end of this sex battle, and, by killing Valmont, the representative of the male sex, Laclos reveals females’ superiority, proving that a woman may be more intelligent than a man. On the other hand, the writer reduces Mme de Merteuil’s victory by depriving this female character of all things that are valuable to her, especially appearance and reputation. Such failure can be explained by the fact that, despite her intelligence and power, Mme de Merteuil remains a weak woman because of her jealousy and wish to dominate over other members of society. This character doesn’t want to accept the victory of the opposite sex, because in this case she will be forced to admit her own weakness. But in her pursuit to prove her superior position, Mme de Merteuil destroys not only her lover, but she also ruins her own life. According to Turnell, â€Å"Laclos’ theme is the tragedy of the Rational Man, the man who was carefully conditioned through the removal of all moral scruples and the sense of guilt†30. This is true in regard to Mme de Merteuil who maintains the principles of rational thinking and eliminates any display of sentimentality from her relations with people in order to prove her own superiority over others. However, she masterfully utilises her own sexuality to manipulate men and make them act as she wishes. According to the social constructionist approach, such sexual behaviour of a woman is developed by society, in which she lives; it is not an inherent feature, but rather a direct consequence of social pressure31. Laclos doesn’t state that a female is unable to experience pleasure; on the contrary, the writer reveals female ability for sexual desires. He presents a woman as an active partner in sexual relations, but he also considers that sexuality may destroy a woma n, if she allows sexuality to take control over her life and interfere with love, as is just the case with Mme de Tourvel. As for Mme de Merteuil, her sexuality also destroys her, because she hopes to prove her superiority with the help of sex, but finally she appears to be trapped in self-delusion. Mme de Merteuil’s attempt to achieve an equal position with males is rather courageous and feminist, but she chooses a wrong approach for attaining her goal. This female character rises against individual people, failing to realise that it is the existing social system that should be transformed. Destroying some persons, Mme de Merteuil doesn’t eliminate the system that puts women into inferior positions. On the other hand, Laclos reveals that Mme de Merteuil is a true libertine. She fails to succeed at the end of the narration, but her way of life demonstrates the greatness of this female. She lives in patriarchal world, where women are prohibited any freedom, but she manages to overcome these stereotypes and act in accordance with her desires. Mme de Merteuil ignores morality of French society , creating her own morality and trying to eliminate all powerful emotions. She experiences pleasure when she demonstrates her superiority over others and she easily manipulates men with the help of her sexuality and intelligence. Such behaviour is unusual for a woman of the eighteenth century, but, creating such female character as Mme de Merteuil, Laclos wants to prove that in reality there is no difference between a man and a woman. In fact, Mme de Merteuil is similar to Valmont, and even superior to him, as the writer reveals in the denouement. Valmont might achieve success in politics or in any other field, but instead he is involved in intrigues. In his relations with women Valmont plays a role of a noble man, deceiving both Cà ©cile de Volanges, when he claims that â€Å"I detest everything that savours of deception: that, in brief, is my character†32, and the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel, when he asks her â€Å"who was ever more respectful and more submissive than I?†33 In his relations with the Prà ©sidente he seeks to subjugate her and destroy her true virtues. Valmont feels admiration for this female and he considers her as â€Å"the enemy worthy of me†34. But, similar to Mme de M erteuil, the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel appears superior to Valmont. His seduction of the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel gradually is transformed into love, because he is strongly affected by her kind heart. As Valmont claims, â€Å"I left her arms only to fall at her feet and swear eternal love; and to tell the whole truth, I meant what I said†35. Valmont falls in love for the first time, but Mme de Merteuil makes him destroy the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel. When Valmont makes an attempt to return her, Mme de Merteuil forbids him to do so, stating that â€Å"It would suit you very well to take the credit for breaking with her without loosing the pleasure of enjoying her†36. These words reveal the negative aspect of Libertinage; although Valmont rises against social morality, society continues to influence him and shape his behaviour. Maintaining the principles of Libertinage, he is not able to act against these principles, thus Valmont’s freedom appears to be a delusion, because he simply changes one rules for other norms. The same regards the principal female character of the novel Mme de Merteuil who is also trapped in her principles and new morality that finally bring her to destruction. Despite their close relations with each other, Mme de Merteuil prefers to destroy Valmont and his love to the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel, and Valmont destroys Mme de Merteuil as a revenge. In this regard, Laclos creates two powerful female characters in his novel Mme de Merteuil and the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel, through which he uncovers his emancipatory subtext; however, the writer, drawing a parallel between these women, reveals their differences. Mme de Merteuil is a woman who uses her sexuality and intelligence to transform men into â€Å"the toy of my caprices, or my fantasies†37, as she claims in Letter 81. Mme de Merteuil directs her principles and education towards the only purpose to â€Å"avenge my sex and to dominate yours†38. Love can’t bring happiness to this woman, as she deprives herself of any emotions. Mme de Merteuil mocks at those females â€Å"who cannot see their future enemy in their present lover†39, reducing the relations between a male and woman to a simple sex battle. As Mme de Merteuil considers herself superior to others, she doesn’t admit any equality between two opposite sexes, that’s why she clai ms that â€Å"no one should be further from my confidence than my husband†40. She doesn’t want to love a man, instead she wants to control him. Mme de Merteuil deprives herself of any passion and she believes that such ability to suppress powerful feelings makes her better than other women. But Laclos reveals that such viewpoint is wrong by contrasting Mme de Merteuil with the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel who possesses those virtues that Mme de Merteuil lacks. From the beginning of Valmont’s relations with the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel, she realises that this woman has something that allows her to attract men, and thus Mme de Merteuil tries to depreciate the virtues of the Prà ©sidente de Tourvel. Mme de Merteuil calls her â€Å"a poor creature†41 that is obsessed with her religion. However, Mme

We Must Put an End to Gender-related Stereotypes and Stereotyping Essay

We Must Put an End to Gender-related Stereotypes I have heard it said many times and by many women, "I wish that I were a man. Men have it so easy. . ." It is a statement which stems from the fear and anger that comes from so many years of oppression and abuse; a statement which stems from the pressure to meet the present impossible standards of beauty and bodily perfection. At times it seems to be an understandable statement to make. Admittedly, I have found myself wishing that very absurdity when the pressures of being a woman have seemed to be too much. But as I get older, and hopefully wiser, I am happy to say, and even very proud, that yes! I am a woman. It is a very exciting time for me as a young woman to watch the changes that our world is undergoing at the present moment. So much is going on around us that it seems like anything could happen and that all things are possible. It is all very scary and exciting at the same time. I am not exactly sure how or when the Women's Rights movement began, but I do believe that we have come a long way, and that we also have a long way to go before we are free of those gender-related stereotypes and immense pressures to be "The Perfect Woman." I know that many skeptics will question whether or not that freedom is attainable, but I truly do believe that at this point in time all things are possible. I believe in the equality of the sexes. I believe in the equality of all people whether they be black, white, female, or male. Perhaps it is easy for me to be so positive and hopeful amidst these skeptics because of the family that I have. I don't think that I was aware of the "roles" that men and women adopt because in my family there seemed to be no roles. Both of my parents have... ...he worth of the true beauty within us that so often goes unseen. I believe that every woman in America experiences this. There is so little self-acceptance as we end up living our lives for the fantastic expectations of men. Both Alice Walker and Nora Ephron were finally able to transcend their hang-ups but it took them so many years and an awful lot of tears to be able to finally throw up their hands and give up trying to meet all of the expectations of the world. It is sad that a woman must reach her mid-life, when the pure beauty of youth is lost forever, before she is finally able to shed all of those insecurities that are forced upon her throughout her life. It is hard, and I believe that an equal amount of effort is required from both of the sexes if we are ever going to be able to move beyond this. It is time to look within or we will continue to go without.

A Life’s Music Essay

Taking a deeper look at a passage, pages 5-6, out of Andreà ¯ Makine’s book A Life’s Music, you get a real sense of his style and the appropriateness of its title. Makine shows his skills as a writer in this book, you read so much music in the book and when read out loud it is literally music to your ears. The book almost flows as you read it and so makes it a joy to read. He uses a lot of literary devices to give you this sense of music and flow; onomatopoeia, metaphor, smiles and adjectives. In this passage, pages 5-6, Makine uses a vast amount of onomatopoeic words such as; ‘crunch’, ‘crackles’, ‘hisses’, ‘wail’, ‘whimperings’. He has them in the whole passage, as well as the book. Because of this Makine gives the book a sense of music, by this I mean that the book not only has onomatopoeic words and also reads like music, when read out loud, but also feels like music when read. Makine is so clever, he manages to make the book into music and thanks to this, you are completely and utterly engrosses into the book, once you have started reading it, you’ll not stop. Another show of his cleverness is his opening line of the book â€Å"I have just woken up, having dreamed of music.† (P.5 L.1) Makine introduces us to the first chapter of his book with stating that he (unnamed character) has dreamed of music and from then on in the book is filled and consists of music. It is a very clever way of starting the book, the first line of the book and we are lead in with music and what a strange sentence, dreaming of music, one does not usually dream of music. Within the first two sentences you can depict the style of the book, music. The music in this passage is not very a happy one, in fact it is rather depressing and rough; â€Å"Snore call out to one another(.)†, â€Å"The wail of an infant(.)†, â€Å"An ocean swell of sighs(.)† and â€Å"The wind wips(.)†. All of these quotations give you an image of a rather miserable place, not somewhere you would want to be. Makine uses these quotations really well; they give you a great feel for the place and of the atmosphere at the train station. The music in the passage is really well used to describe the feelings of the people at the station â€Å"The wail of an infant rings out very clearly in the darkness, fades into little whimperings as it suck, falls silent.† (P5-6 L.21-23) The music is used to show the extent of the infant’s unhappiness and its progressions as the emotion subsides. You get a feel of the infant’s urgency for the object that it seeks and once received the infant calms and so does the loudness of the music. Furthermore he uses music to show us the people’s responses to things â€Å"An ocean swell of sighs ripples through the waiting-room. But the truth is that no one expects anything more.† (P.6 L.28-30) The waiting people get told their train is delayed and as you would expect they sigh the point is, they sigh in such a way that it sounds just like an the ocean. Here Makine does not solely use and an onomatopoeic word, but also a metaphor ‘an ocean swell of sighs’. This gives you an image of the people sighing just like they would do a Mexican wave and it gives the sound of the sigh such a magnitude. Furthermore this quotation is a great example in the passage of how the book flows from one sentence to the next. Along with Makine’s great use of music, he uses a lot of adjectives and they go hand in hand with his music. His adjectives give this passage a tone of violence and it constantly affects the atmosphere ‘hurls’, ‘shout’, ‘beat’, ‘grudgingly’ and ‘hardness’. With the soldiers the adjectives are used to give this sense of potential violence â€Å"(A) muffled shout of laughter, then a crunch of a fragment of glass under a foot, an oath. Two soldiers (†¦) beat a path through the mass of huddled bodies.† (P.5 L.16-20) These soldiers give off this feel of violence, it seems if provoked they would fight and they seem to want to fight, they ‘beat a path’ through a mass of people, they are provoking the people to stand up say something about their behaviour. Furthermore at the end of the passage Makine uses simile to further enhance his tone of violence; â€Å"(I)t looks like a battlefield strewn with dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (P.6 L.45) This simile really ties a bow on the tone, at this point there is no longer the possibility for there to be doubt over the tone. You are given such an image of violence this mass of people at the train station are laying down on this hard floor and they are so unmoving and massed together they just look like a mass of corpses. It is quite a horrifying image. In conclusion Andreà ¯ Makine’s style is very clearly music, the sound and the flow of it, and he uses onomatopoeia to translate it into the book and does so very successfully. He uses metaphors to emphasize the music in the book and the metaphors also help to give the music an increased magnitude. In combination with these literary devices Makine also uses similes and a through use of adjectives to make the music in the book stand out and to help the book flow from one sentence to the next. I personally really loved this book, it has stuck out as book among the books I have thus far read and I think it will continue to do so. Andreà ¯ Makine is a wonderful and skilled writer, the fact that he gave this book its title A Life’s Music is no wonder at all, it breathes music.

New England and Chesepeake Bay Colonies DBQ essays

New England and Chesepeake Bay Colonies DBQ essays In the period leading up to the 1700s, the New World experienced a vast separation between the many English settlers who had arrived there. The colonists of English origin parted and took different paths, one leading many to the Chesapeake Bay/Virginia area and another to the Massachusetts Bay Colony/New England territory. Although similar in origin, the New World settlers divided and evolved into two very distinct societies with varied ideals, morals, and ways of life. In the New England area religion was extremely important and dictated very much so how the colonists should act. In a letter from John Winthrop states the need for unity as we must be knit together in this work as one man (Winthrop, 1). Written on board the Arbella, Winthrop calls for each man to abridge himself for the supply of others necessities. This theme of unity and religion is also very apparent in the Articles of Agreement founded in 1636 in Springfield. The townsmen join in the belief that though some of them are rich and some poor, they all agree to share planting ground and see to it that all have suitable estates. As in Winthrops letter, the colonists agree to the number one article in which, through Gods grace, they may form a covenant and walk in all the ways of Christ (Springfield, 2). A religion-dominated institution is apparent, lastly, in Connecticut, especially in the Wage and Price Regulations. The settlers of this New England colony form a General Court where the most important objective is to [receive] such moderate profit as may enable them to serve God and their neighbors with their acts and trades...and do not enrich themselves (Connecticut, 3). Seen in all three documents is the theme of sacrificing ones self and living as a Christian to better others as Christ would. In contrast, the Virginia colony seemed to consist of more divided, gold-hungry settlers. U...

Alphonse Capone Essays - Five Points Gang, The Untouchables

Alphonse Capone Essays - Five Points Gang, The Untouchables Alphonse Capone Alphonse Capone Born 1/17/1899, Brooklyn Died 1/25/1947, Florida Al Capone is one of the most recognized names in American history. Alphonse was born to Neapolitan immigrants Gabriel and Teresa. His surname, originally Caponi, had been Americanized to Capone. The Capone family included James, Ralph, Salvatore (Frank), Alphonse, John, Albert, Matthew, Rose and Mafalda. Capone was proud to be an American I'm no Italian. I was born in Brooklyn, he often said. Al went to school with Salvatore Lucania, later known as Lucky Luciano. At about the age of ten he began to follow up-and-coming gangster Johnny Torrio, also a Neapolitan. At fourteen he quit school after striking a teacher. Capone and Lucky Luciano joined a gang known as the Five Pointers, on Manhattan's Lower East Side. Capone worked for Frank Yale, president of the Unione Siciliane, as a bouncer and bartender. One night he made a remark about the sister of Frank Galluciano, and Galluciano slashed Capone's face with a pocket knife, leaving three large scars on the left side of his face. For much of his criminal career, newspapers would call Capone by the hated name Scarface. Incredibly, Capone choose to forgive Galluciano and, years later, hired him as a bodyguard. Johnny Torrio had moved to Chicago to work for his uncle, Big Jim Colosimo. Torrio sent for his trusted lieutenant, Capone. Suspected of two murders, Capone was eager to leave New York. Capone worked under Torrio as a bouncer and thug. On May 11, 1920, Big Jim Colosimo was assassinated in his own cafe by an unknown killer. Johnny Torrio was now the leader of the most powerful gang in Chicago, and Capone his right-hand man. Torrio imposed a peace treaty on the other gangs, which lasted until the O'Banion-Genna war. Torrio was shot by O'Banion men in reprisal for O'Banion's slaying. He survived, barely. Before retiring to Italy, Torrio turned over leadership of his gang to Capone. Jen3 The Di Vito monument, a short distance east of the Bishops' mausoleum, features busts of Mr. and Mrs. Di Vito in shallow alcoves. The Ionic columns on the side are partially covered with clinging vines. Jen4 Mount Carmel is one of Chicago's finest graveyards. It is located in west suburban Hillside, across the street from Queen of Heaven. Mt Carmel is the oldest Catholic cemetery in the western part of the Archdiocese of Chicago. The vast majority of persons buried here are Italian. Italian traditions include statuary, and photographs on the monument, and private mausoleums. There are over 400 private family mausoleums in Mt. Carmel, more than any other cemetery in the area. Italian immigrants in Chicago preserved their culture, and Mount Carmel has a wonderful Old-World feel. The most popular attraction is the Bishops' mausoleum, which received over 50,000 visitors in the two months after the death of Cardinal Bernardin in October 1996. But to many, Mt. Carmel is equally famous for the graves of Chicago's notorious gangsters of the 1920s - including Al Capone, best known of them all. Bibliography I really cant say anything

Week 3 Discussion-Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 3 Discussion-Environmental - Essay Example These rod - like spores are resistant to heat and a capable of surviving in foods that are poorly processed due to the neuro- toxins present in them. Botulism in humans is caused by the A, B, E and F types based on their antigenic specificity. Food-borne botulism also called food poisoning occurs due to the ingestion of certain foods that contain potent neuro-toxin produced by the growth of the spores. Though the incidence of botulism is reported to be low, yet on a global level it is a cause of great concern due to the high mortality rate when not treated promptly and properly. canned foods, if not properly and adequately processed could easily lead to botulism. Even commercially processed foods such as seafood products, meat products, sausages and canned fruits and vegetables are potent carriers for human botulism. The symptoms related to food borne botulism, occurs within 18 to 36 hours of ingesting contaminated food filled with toxins. It begins with a marked lassitude, difficulty in swallowing and speaking, general weakness and vertigo. This is followed by a severe abdominal cramping and distention with constipation and a weakening of the muscles. Thereafter, the Botulinum toxin spreads through the body causing flaccid paralysis by inhibiting all the motor nerve terminals of the myoneural junction. The paralysis progresses downwards after beginning with the eyes, face and throat and moves towards the extremities. Botulism becomes life threatening when it encompasses the diaphragm and chest muscles because respiration becomes inhibited and asphyxia results causing death. To prevent these early interventions of administering botulinal antitoxin in compliance with supportive intensive care is the only answer. Detection and identification of the actual source of outbreak is imperative in order to render the right treatment. This organism with its spores are abundantly distributed in nature too in soils and sediments, lakes streams

Case analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case analysis - Coursework Example 2 According to Thomas Hobbes, you should not destroy the revised will. This is because for Hobbes, morally right actions are the actions that are consistent with the law of nature. According to Hobbes, the law of nature is discoverable by reason, and all of us are able to discover it if we reason well. For Hobbes, the law of nature guides all of us and it is the law that enables us to know the morally good and the morally bad actions. In the case under consideration, you should not destroy the revised will because doing so is against the law of nature. This is because one of the precepts of the law of nature is to be honest and to tell the truth. 3 According to Kant, you should not destroy the revised will. This is because for Kant, in is categorical imperative, Kant says that in making moral decisions, we should always choose actions that we would wish to be made into universal laws; in other words, Kant states that in making moral decisions, we should choose actions that we would wish anybody in the same situation, and under the same circumstances, to make (Kant, 18). For this reason, since one would not wish his or her own will to be destroyed when we die, one should destroy another person’s will. Destroying the revised will for Kant, therefore, is morally wrong. 4 Of the above three philosophers, Kant is the philosopher who provides the best, and the most convincing account of what one should do in this case. This is because Kant gives a clear formula of making a moral judgement, i.e. in making moral decisions, act in a manner that you would wish all people in the same situation to act. Plato’s and Hobbes’ account of how one should act in this case are a bit unclear and unconvincing. This is because for Plato, it is not easy to determine an action that is virtuous and that promotes eudaimonia; For Hobbes, also, it is not easy to

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Relationship - Essay Example Knapp Staircase model classifies and describes the dynamics of, how a new relationship proceeds and how it develops. The model is based on two major parts: Stages of Togetherness Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding Coming Apart Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating I met my ex-partner in a family gathering. We both were pushed and motivated by our relatives to put our best impression on one another. She initiated the talk and I approved the sensible approach she had; for most of the things we converse about. Her tense shoulders and a nervous smile assured me that she is also trying hard to make a good impression on me. We dated again to know more, and experimented how we felt about each other. There were differences in our understanding and life style, but we both felt inclined to take it to the next level. Her expression of love was not customary; she liked to enquire for expression of love in return, since I am an introvert person this task was difficult to perform. Though, with time I tried via my actions to assure her of her significance in my life. In intensifying stage, I gave my support, submission, and love though not much verbally; but I proved it by changing my preferences according to her priorities. With the passage of few months, I believe we felt one. Since our relationship was known to all. Therefore, we moved in social gathering as a committed couple. I liked to be known from her reference and relied on her approval more than ever. We used to hang out more and I was not hesitant to show my affection and her significance in my life. In integrating stage, we compromised on the shortcomings and enjoyed our time together. We both wanted a legal relationship and wanted approval from our families to make it a real one. Hence, we declared our engagement and things became very certain for both of us. Our bonding was strong and we both wanted to continue it till the rest of our lives. She planned and decided all the necessary rituals which needed to be performed for the wedding. Although, I am not much of a social wedding person; but I wanted to proceed with her plan because it was pleasing and exciting for her. This is how bonding process becomes more evident and firm when one cares and the other realizes the invested efforts of the partner. Now the next phase of the Knapp’s staircase relationship model entails differentiating, in this stage we both started highlighting the pessimistic personality effects we had. I did not like the interference of her sister’s boyfriend, Jack and her submission to him, and she wanted him to be in all the significant decisions related to our marriage or life. She used to discuss important aspects of our life with him and used to act on his advices or suggestions. This habit of hers annoyed me a lot. Similarly, she disliked my habit of becoming a decision maker in our life. She liked to take decision on her own and when I used to inquire a bout any important aspect, she immediately wanted me to quit the discussion. Later on, we started avoiding conversation on disputable matters. I did not inquire, why did she leave all of a sudden for a trip with her friends, neither she explained me anything. She simply told me she was leaving with her friends as it would be her last trip as a single girl, so I did not comment on the already taken decision. The

IT Strategy and Network Design Proposal Essay Example for Free

IT Strategy and Network Design Proposal Essay The GFK School of Motoring was established in 1960. Since then, the school has grown steadily and now has a several offices in the London area. However, the Organization is expanding and a new branch is to be built that will link with the existing network and also utilise the latest technologies such as simulators, the internet and the World Wide Web. Furthermore, improvement is needed in the communications and sharing of information between offices spread around the London. The Director wants to take advantage of the Internet to change the way the company operates. The new branch will allow prospective clients to browse the website and make an initial registration. Interview and the checking of documents can then be arranged on-line. Once a client has been registered any payments due can also be made on-line via any of the various credit and debit cards. Flexibility in the provision of services to clients also requires that once registered, a client can take a driving lesson at any of the centres. Hence an integrated and up-to-date database system is to be implemented. The Director of the organization feels that too many mistakes are being made with the current system and that the success of the organization will be short-lived if he does not do something to overcome the situation. He knows that a good IT strategy and network design could help in part to solve the problem and has approached our team to help create a new branch and implement an efficient and reliable information system to support the running of the organization as a whole. 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF GFK OPERATIONS. Each office has a manager (who tends to be a senior instructor), Several senior instructors, instructors and administrate staffs. The staff hierarchy is as follows: Manager Senior instructors Instructors Office personnel. The manager is responsible for the day-to-day running of the office. Clients must first register on-line or at an office and this requires that they complete an application form, which records their personal details. Before the first lesson, a client is requested to attend an interview with an instructor to assess the needs of the client and to ensure that the client holds a valid provisional driving license. A client is free to ask for a particular instructor or to request that an instructor be changed at any stage throughout the process of learning to drive. After a successful interview, the first lesson is booked. A client may request individual lessons or book a block of lessons for reduced fee. An individual lesson is for one or two hours which begins and ends either at the clients home or at the office. A lesson is with a particular instructor in a particular car at a given time. Lessons can start as early as 6a.m. and as late as 8p.m. After each lesson, the instructor records the progress made by the client and notes the mileage used during the lesson. The Organization has a pool of cars, which are adopted for the purpose of teaching. Each instructor is allocated to a particular car. As well as teaching, the instructors are free to use the cars for personal  use. The cars are inspected at regular intervals for faults. Once ready, a client will be given a test date by the instructor. It is the responsibility of the instructor to ensure that the client is best prepared for all parts of the test. The instructor is not the responsible for testing the client and is not in the car during the test but should be available to drop off and pick up the client before and after the test at the testing centre. If a client fails to pass, the instructor must record the reasons for the failure. 1.4. AIMS OF THE PROJECT. 1. To design and implement a network solution for the new Barking branch . 2. To redesign or upgrade the companys existing network system. 3. To connect GFK to the Internet and provide full internet service. 4. To design a desktop and its delivery to all GFKs client computers. 5. To address security and back-up issues. 6. To design a network monitoring policy to maintain and/or improve performance in the future. This particular aspect of the group work is investigated in detail by Student number: 0212251 in Part B. 1.5 BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROPOSED NETWORK SYSTEM. The design of the Local Area Network for the new branch and its communication  with the rest of the GFK network will be approached in view of satisfying two fundamental business functions: Information sharing: refers to having users access the same data files, exchange information via email, or use the internet. Resource sharing: refers to one computer sharing a hardware device (e.g., printer) or software package with other computers on the network to save costs. The main benefit of information sharing is improved decision making, which is one of the goals of the GFK School of Motoring. Any application, e.g. a web browser, on the GFK LAN will have the following functions: 1. data storage 2. data access logic 3. application or business logic 4. presentation logic Based on these functions we will be implementing client/server network architecture at the new branch. We will be using 3-tier client/server architecture to spread the load between the clients (microcomputers) and the servers (more powerful microcomputers). This is illustrated in the diagram below: (FitzGerald Dennis, page 46, top). In this case, the software on the client computer is responsible for presentation logic, an application server is responsible for the application  logic and a separate database server is responsible for the data access logic and data storage [1, page 45]. Since the main advantage of a client/server architecture is also its weak point i.e. enabling software and hardware from different vendors to be used together, we will recommend a middleware software such as CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture). It will perform two vital functions: 1. It enables a standard way of communication by translating between software from different vendors 2. It manages the message transfer from clients to servers (and vice versa) so that clients need not know the specific server that contains the applications data. The application software on the client sends all messages to the middleware, which forwards them to the correct server. The application software on the client is therefore protected from any changes in the physical network. If the network layout changes (e.g., a new server is added), only the middleware must be updated [1, page 44]. By choosing this architecture for the new branch, we have achieved two things: 1. Better load balancing between the servers on the network 2. Scalability. In the future, if due to business demands the system needs to be extended, this can be easily done by adding one or more servers. 1.6 REQUIREMENTS ACQUISITION. In order to obtain valuable information about the GFK School of Motoring, the group decided to send out questionnaires to members of the organization who uses the old system regularly and have a good knowledge of it. We decided on questionnaires because we believe that the users, being under no pressure as they answer questions about the existing system, will provide a reliable feedback. 1.6.1 QUESTIONNAIRE 1. User: Mr A. Patel. Position: Instructor. Time at Company: 3 years. Branch: Stratford Branch. 1. Question: How often do you use the system? Answer: Daily. As many as 20 times a day, when at work. 2. Question: Are you comfortable using the company network? Answer: Sort of. 3. Question: What do you normally use the system for? Answer: Browsing the internet, enquiring about client information, entering client details, sending and receiving emails etc. 4. Question: Which of these tasks do you found most daunting and why? Answer: No doubt, it is obtaining information about clients. The process is very slow and frustrating especially during peak hours. For some reasons the system is sluggish and it slows down the business. 5. Question: From question 4, do you sometimes have to abort the task? Answer: No, because a client details got to be entered. Its frustrating, but you wait until its done before moving on. As a result we tend to record client details at the whenever the system tend to be responsive. This might be a couple of days later. 6. Question: Which of these tasks do you find easiest to do and why? Answer: No doubt, surfing the internet, sending emails, registering clients on-line. 7. Question: Have you had experiences of viruses causing disruption on the system and how? Answer: Certainly on many occasions. I can remember on one occasion a few of my clients and me couldnt use our computers because it was totally corrupted and my section had to be closed down while the techie people sorted it out. We lost most of the files on our computers. 8. Question: From question 7, on how many occasions did this happen? Answer: Ive experienced it about 6 or 7 times. 9. Question: What advice were you given about using the systems in terms of avoiding virus infection? Answer: The normal stuff. Dont open email you dont the source, log-off the system before you close for the day, etc. But despite taking these measures, we still have the problem. 10. Question: Do you normally back-up your files yourself and how often? Answer: Yeah, files are supposed to be backed up on cd-roms at the end of every working day but not everybody does it. 11. Question: Do you case of lost customer files and how often? Answer: Yeah, we do. I know a few of my mate who do. We just try to re-acquire it from the customer without the knowledge of management. Someone has been reprimanded for it in the past. Sometimes, its the fault of the  system. As I said earlier, it can be frustratingly slow. 12. Question: If you can change the system, what will you change and why? Answer: Definitely, it will be the enquiry procedure. Anything that makes the process faster will do.

Using Gopher to Navigate the Internet :: Internet World Wide Web WWW Protocol Gopher

GOPHER The Latest and Greatest on the Internet. In April 1991, Gopher was developed at the University at Minnesota Microcomputer, Workstation and Networks Center. It was created to help users fins answers to their computer questions. (Nickerson, 53) It didn’t take long for this utility to replace the existing campuswide information systems (CWIS) at the university AND to become one of the hottest Internet resources available. (Hahn, 429) Why is Gopher so Grand? This utility lets the end user easily locate information using keywords and phrases. In a few short years this has become the†most widely used searching tool on the Internet.† (Levin, 60) The annual growth rate for Gopher traffic is 997%! (Fun Facts, 50) Up until recently, this Internet protocol had been mainly used by the government and academics. But it has caught on and is being used for business and leisure purposes. If one is interested in the latest NFL scores, schedules and point spreads, they can easily access this information at News and Weather. Business administrators can learn more about total quality management (TQM) by visiting (Maxwell, 299 and 670) What is Gopher? The official definition of Gopher helps to explain what this utility is, â€Å" The Internet Gopher uses a simple client/server protocol that can be used to publish and search for information held on a distributed network of hosts. Gopher clients have a seamless view of the information in the Gopher world even though the information is distributed over many different hosts. Clients can navigate through a hierarchy of directories and documents [menus] or ask an index server to return a list of documents that contain one or more words. Because the index does full-text searches, every word in every document is a keyword.†(Milewski, 41) Using the client/server architecture is advantageous because the two connecting machines need to communicate with one another for a very short time. The server shuts down the connection once it has sent out the file to the client. (Notess, 101) Gopher is an attractive Internet search tool because it allows the user to traverse the network with one simple interface. Via Gopher, the neophyte can access more difficult Internet protocols, such as telnet, FTP, and email, in a seamless fashion. The end user can effortlessly select an FTP site from a menu and not have to remember the cumbersome FTP syntax or lengthy addresses. Accessing Gopher To access Gopher you need Internet access. To start, dial into an Internet-connected computer and type in gopher at the systems prompt. Using Gopher to Navigate the Internet :: Internet World Wide Web WWW Protocol Gopher GOPHER The Latest and Greatest on the Internet. In April 1991, Gopher was developed at the University at Minnesota Microcomputer, Workstation and Networks Center. It was created to help users fins answers to their computer questions. (Nickerson, 53) It didn’t take long for this utility to replace the existing campuswide information systems (CWIS) at the university AND to become one of the hottest Internet resources available. (Hahn, 429) Why is Gopher so Grand? This utility lets the end user easily locate information using keywords and phrases. In a few short years this has become the†most widely used searching tool on the Internet.† (Levin, 60) The annual growth rate for Gopher traffic is 997%! (Fun Facts, 50) Up until recently, this Internet protocol had been mainly used by the government and academics. But it has caught on and is being used for business and leisure purposes. If one is interested in the latest NFL scores, schedules and point spreads, they can easily access this information at News and Weather. Business administrators can learn more about total quality management (TQM) by visiting (Maxwell, 299 and 670) What is Gopher? The official definition of Gopher helps to explain what this utility is, â€Å" The Internet Gopher uses a simple client/server protocol that can be used to publish and search for information held on a distributed network of hosts. Gopher clients have a seamless view of the information in the Gopher world even though the information is distributed over many different hosts. Clients can navigate through a hierarchy of directories and documents [menus] or ask an index server to return a list of documents that contain one or more words. Because the index does full-text searches, every word in every document is a keyword.†(Milewski, 41) Using the client/server architecture is advantageous because the two connecting machines need to communicate with one another for a very short time. The server shuts down the connection once it has sent out the file to the client. (Notess, 101) Gopher is an attractive Internet search tool because it allows the user to traverse the network with one simple interface. Via Gopher, the neophyte can access more difficult Internet protocols, such as telnet, FTP, and email, in a seamless fashion. The end user can effortlessly select an FTP site from a menu and not have to remember the cumbersome FTP syntax or lengthy addresses. Accessing Gopher To access Gopher you need Internet access. To start, dial into an Internet-connected computer and type in gopher at the systems prompt.