Alliance Bank Essay

1. Introduction Alliance Bank is one of the leading banks in Kazakhstan, and it is the tenth largest bank in terms of assets in Kazakhstan. Headquartered of the bank are located in Almaty. Bank is developing as a universal financial institution in all lines of business, with a primary focus on retail banking and lending to SMEs.JSC Alliance Bank, has been operating for over 15 years. Recently bank has been shadowed by number of scandals, which had a negative effect on its reputation. In February, 2009 the government appointed a new management team after its key shareholder, SAFC, rejected to support the bank in long-term. During the financial crisis Alliance Bank was the first bank to default. By 2010 its debts were restructured and government had to inject 24 billion KZT on its deposit account in order to save the bank. Since the restructuring, state-owned National Wellbeing fund Samruk-Kazyna is holding 67% of the bank’s shares. In 2012 Alliance was judged to be stable with a Standard and P oor’s rating of â€Å"B-†. Today Alliance’s long-term credit rating by Standard and Poor’s is stated at â€Å"D†, together with short-term rating. In 2011 bank considered talks with European Bank for Reconstruction and Development regarding the potential sale of its shares. In February 2014 bank has suffered from technical default. Later in February, the bank’s reputation suffered even more after SMS-attack on three banks about their default. Alliance Bank’s mission is to be a reliable partner for each  customer and meet the best banking practice. The basis for this statement is bank’s philosophy of meeting the needs of society as quality financial services. Main principles of bank’s corporate culture include classical principles of fairness, trust and apolitical relation. These principles work as the basis for existence of commercial bank as a social institution, which aims to combine and unite interests of different groups of people – shareholders, employees, customers and partners. The vision of the bank is â€Å"Look at things in a new way!† The Bank’s primary business is related to commercial banking activities, granting of loans and guarantees, accepting deposits, exchanging foreign currencies, dealing with securities, transferring cash payments, as well as providing other banking services in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main goal of the bank’s activity is to earn income through the provision of banking services, for legal and physical entities, residents and non-residents of Kazakhstan, establishment of direct contact with international institutions for the development of External Relations, improvement and strengthening of business cooperation with foreign organizations. 2. External analysis PESTLE analysis PESTLE analysis or PEST stands for auditing the Alliance Bank’s current environment and assessing its potential changes by looking at the organization from different angles in order to be better placed than its competitors and make plans for future events in terms of responding to the rapid changes in the macro-environment. It contains the factors such as political-legal, economic, socio-cultural, and technological. Considering and understanding all these factors that influence the business, the information about the risks associated with the situation in the market will be clarified. Moreover, using the PESTLE analysis, it is possible to maximize opportunities and minimize threats for the Alliance Bank. Political-legal forces provide information about the political situation in the country and current legislations that regulate the industry. Businesses can be affected by many aspects of government policy. In particular, all businesses must comply with the law. They must also consider the impact of any forthcoming legislation on their operations. This may require taking action before the legislation comes into effect. Today a political factor,  which would affect Kazakhstani banks, and in particular Alliance Bank, is the Ukrainian political instabilities. Russia and Ukraine have bad political relations, and it leads to trade barriers as well. As Kazakhstan is a member of Custom Union, of course, any instability in Russia could influence Kazakhstani market as well. As an example, recent devaluation of Russian Ruble will bring very negative effects in both Kazakhstan and Belarus Republic. This instability might lead to declining on the foreign investments to Alliance Bank that they were recently asking from London creditors. Also on the 26th of December 2012 the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan signed the Law â€Å"About Modification and Additions in Some Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning the Taxation†. One of the amendments to the law says that from the January 1st, 2014 the conscientious taxpayers may postpone paying the accrued tax liability for not more than 3 years w ithout having any collateral or fund for restricted cash. It will help the Alliance Bank to save the amount of money in the current period in order to invest it if needed in some other activities. Economic forces focus on the prevalent economic factors. Evaluating one of them which is the average monthly wage in Kazakhstan, the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s Statistics provides the following data: in March 2010 the average monthly wage is equal to 72 000 KZT, in March 2011 the amount is 87 000 KZT, in February 2012 it is presented as 92 000 KZT, and in February 2013 it has increased to 98 736 KZT. Such a picture of the wage growth is very positive and beneficial for the Alliance bank because the bigger amount of clients is willing deposit their money to bank accounts. Another not less important economic factor to consider is the inflation rates. According to the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s Statistics, in 2011 the inflation rate in Kazakhstan was 7.4%, in 2012 it was 6%, and in 2013 it decreased to 4.6%. Due to recent devaluation of Kazakh Tenge, the forecast of inflation in 2014 is going to increase. The increase of inflation rates will lead to increase in interest rates, which will decrease the number of clients of the bank. Another important economic factor is GDP per capita in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan government is putting a huge afford to improve the lifestyle and living conditions of its people. The government set two crucial strategies; Strategy2030 and Strategy2050. According to these strategies, Kazakhstan must be listed among the developed countries of the  world. One of the requirements of these strategies is raising GDP per capita. According to Dosayev, the GDP per capita will reach to $14,600 and it is expected to rea ch to $24,000 in 2018. Accordingly, the products of the bank will become more popular among the population. Social forces are the next. In this case they may be presented as demographic trends. Population of Kazakhstan for the 1st of March 2013 has increased by 1.4%, according to the report of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s Statistics. Nowadays it is more than 17 million people who are living in the territory of Kazakhstan. Actually, the new migration policy for oralmans (people whose historical place to live was Kazakhstan), and people who arrive to the cities from urban areas is a good advantage for the bank. The President of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s Statistics Alikhan Smailov noted that the average life expectancy in 2014 will be at the age of 70. According to the data for 2012 it was less and the actual number of years was 69 per person. Technology is another very important role in bank’s internal control mechanisms as well as services offered by them. Through the use of technology new products and services are introduced. It includes technological aspects such as R&D activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. Some of the technological changes which brought radical changes in banking industry in Kazakhstan, and especial in Alliance Bank are described below: Automated Teller Machine (ATM) The latest developments in terms of technology in computer and telecommunication have encouraged the bank to change the concept of branch banking to anywhere banking. The use of ATM and Internet banking has allowed anytime, anywhere banking facilities. IT Services & Mobile Banking Today banks of Kazakhstan are also using SMS and Internet as a major tool of promotion and giving great utility to its customers. For example, SMS functions through simple text messages sent from your mobile phone. Technology advancement has changed the face of traditional banking systems, it is even offering 24/7 banking even faster and secured service. Alliance bank definitely should look after all technological changes in banking industry both within Kazakhstan and on International level, because it really matters, and differentiate service of the bank. Porter’s Five Forces The Kazakhstan banking system has experienced many difficulties in recent years, as well as huge growth. Last year was marked by the successful completion of the restructuring of debts of the three largest banks in the Republic of Kazakhstan: BTA Bank, Temirbank and Alliance Bank, which defaulted in 2009. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan’s banks currently operate in a very challenging external and internal environment which of course could reflect their financial stability, way of development in future years and their ability to find new appropriate business models. Kazakhstan’s banking system suffered due to a liquidity crisis less than its peers (e.g. Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan). Measures of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to maintain stability of the banking system and the infusion of funds into the capital’s largest banks, had its effect – not one bank in Kazakhstan has not been declared bankrupt, the investors could easily withdraw their funds, there we re no signs of the banking panic among the population. So, the main current advantage of Kazakhstan’s banking system is the stability which is a very serious and necessary feature at the Commonwealth of Independent States. Threat of New Entrants: Banking industry deals with other people’s money and financial information new banks find it difficult to start up. Due to the nature of the industry, people are more willing to place their trust in big name, well known, major banks who they consider to be trustworthy. The banking industry has undergone a consolidation in which major banks seek to serve all of customers’ financial needs under their roof. This consolidation furthers the role of trust as a barrier to entry for new banks looking to compete with major banks, as consumer are more likely to allow one bank to hold all their accounts and service their financial needs. Ultimately the barriers to entry are relatively low for the banking industry. While it is nearly impossible for new banks to enter the industry offering the trust and full range of services as a major bank, it is fairly easy to open up a smaller bank operating on the regional level. Large financial resources are needed in order to open own bank an d enter on the financial market. Authorized capital  must be 5 billion Tenge, except other expenses (advertising campaigns, open own office, purchasing equipment and software etc.) Power of Suppliers: Capital is the primary resource on any bank and there are four major suppliers (various other suppliers like fees contribute to a lesser degree) of capital in the industry. Customer deposits Mortgages and loans Mortgage-baked securities Loans from other financial institutions By utilizing these four major suppliers, Alliance bank can be sure that they have the necessary resources required to service their customers’ borrowing needs while maintaining enough capital to meet withdrawal expectations. The power of the suppliers is largely based on the market, their power is often considered to fluctuate between medium to high. Suppliers for Bank are depositors and shareholders. Alliance Bank is interested in attracting outstanding depositors and principal shareholder. The main purposes are: correct invest invested funds; to ensure payments under the deposits and the shares; to make up owner’s operating expenses; to get a certain profit Power of Buyers: The individual doesn’t pose much of a threat to the banking industry, but one major factor affecting the power of buyers is relatively high switching costs. If a person has one bank that services their banking needs, mortgage, savings, checking, etc, it can be a huge hassle for that person to switch to another bank. Alliance Bank has 2 million customers who have a bargaining power and can switch to any other bank due to bank’s current situation. Availability of Substitutes: Some of the banking industry’s largest threats of substitution are not from rival banks but from non-financial competitors. The industry does not suffer any real threat of substitutes as far as deposits or withdrawals, however insurances, mutual funds, and fixed income securities are some of the many  banking services that are also offered by non-banking companies. As Alliance bank primarily offers commercial banking services, it does not suffer any threat of substitutes. Competitive Rivalry: The banking industry is considered highly competitive. The financial services industry has been around for hundreds of years, and just about everyone who needs banking services already has them. Because of this, banks must attempt to lure clients away from competitor banks. They do this by offering lower financing, higher rates, investment services, and greater conveniences than their rivals. There are two giant banks in Kazakhstan, Kazkommertsbank and Halyk Bank, which hold 18% and 19% of total asset of Kazakhstani market, whereas Alliance bank holds only 4%. Therefore, the above mentioned banks are the competitive rivalry of the Alliance bank’s services. 3. Internal analysis SWOT analysis The key factor in the bank’s strategic planning is SWOT-analysis. SWOT-analysis methodology suggests: first, to identify the internal strengths and weaknesses of the company as well as the external opportunities and threats, and secondly, to establish connections between them. The SWOT-analysis of Alliance Bank is described below. Strengths Weaknesses Support of Samruk-Kazyna Years of experience Extensive branch network Extensive acquiring network (ATMs, cash-in ATMs, POS-terminals) Innovative technologies Professional bank management Brand name recognition (recent rumors about bank default) Low-speed service with a large flow of clients Low-level promotion of banking products Shrinking loan portfolio Opportunities Threats The tenth largest bank in terms of assets in Kazakhstan Development of technology (Online banking, fingerprints) Geographic expansion Long-term partnerships with major companies Cover new demands of current customers Expand the customer base Publicly traded on KASE Customer dissatisfaction with new banking products Increased competition Unstable economy of the country (possibility of a financial crisis, devaluation of the local currency, inflation) Changing legal and tax provisions The possibility of clients default Change in oil prices Increased regulation of capital requirements Strengths of Alliance bank are the characteristics of the business that give it an advantage over the competitors. These characteristics may include personnel, finance, and manufacturing capabilities and so on. Weaknesses are the attributes resources that work against a successful outcome. Strengths and weaknesses are internal attributes and the company can use its strengths to liquidate the weaknesses. For instance, Alliance Bank JSC has an extensive branch network including 19 branches and 106 cash offices in 51 cities and rural settlements of the Republic of Kazakhstan. They can use their extensive branch and acquiring network to increase the level of promotion of banking products in cities and rural areas. Another example is to use the innovative technology to deal with low-speed service when there is a large flow of clients. The bank could automatize its operations. Opportunities are the external factors the business can capitalize on or use to its advantage. Alliance bank has a n opportunity to expand geographically to new markets. For instance, Kazkommertsbank has branches in different countries of Central Asian region, which allows them to expand their customer base and increase their profits. Threats are the external factors that could jeopardize the business. External factors may include  macro-economic factors, technological changes, legislation and socio-cultural changes as well as changes in the market place or in competitive position. For example, due to the recent devaluation of KZT in February, 2014 Alliance Bank customers withdrew 55 billion KZT in two weeks from the moment of the announcement of the devaluation. As explained to the bankers, since the beginning of the National Bank’s announcement of the devaluation in the period from 11 to 17 February, investors withdrew 25 billion KZT from their accounts. And after the SMS-attack, in the period from 18 to 21 February, another 30 billion were withdrawn from the bank. This amounted to one third of the deposit base. Conducted SWOT analysis helps to analyze how our Company proceeds and what kind of opportunities and strengths we have, additionally, it helps to identify what threats and weaknesses we have. One of the basic strength of our company is experience that we have in banking industry. Alliance Bank is supported by SamrukKazyna fund, which is trust-worthy fund. Another strength is extensive branch network, which allows bank to operate in 51 cities and rural areas of Kazakhstan. Due to recent financial problems, bank is trying its best to deal with these kinds of strengths in order to overcome financial distress and possibility of new technological default. Recapitalization of bank by the government resulted in injection of 24 billion KZT. SamrukKazyna owns today 67% of shares of the bank, and bank is looking for opportunities of finding capital investors in order to buy shares of the bank. VRIO analysis The VRIO Analysis is an analytical technique which for each type of resource considers the following questions (evaluation dimension) for an organization as well as for its competitors. In practice, the VRIO analysis is also used in combination with other analytical techniques to help organizational management evaluate business resources in a more detailed view. For financial resources, there are many detailed financial indicators that evaluate the financial condition or performance of the business from different perspectives. Likewise, humanresources, property or information are other detailed indicators of their performance, efficiency or quality. The advantage of a VRIO analysis is its simplicity and clarity. Value Chain Product Development Alliance Bank has two primary product offerings: personal banking and commercial banking. Commercial banking is the largest of these, comprising more than half of the bank’s portfolio. Commercial blends are segmented by business size and feature a combination of accounts, credit cards, lines of credit, merchant services and cash/investment management services. Personal banking blends are segmented by customer age and include services such as checking and savings accounts and credit cards. Product Support Suppliers Alliance Bank leverages and backs up its products with hedging instruments in order to maintain a stable financial base. This involves in-house development of a diversified portfolio, market analysis of deposit versus lending activities as well as the purchase of risk-hedging tools to back its  lending products. However they have to increase the efficiency of their product development. Marketing Alliance Bank has differentiated itself within the crowded field of commercial banking through its marketing and brand-building efforts, steadfastly emphasizing customer service andalso reframing theirs as a retail organization. Alliance Bank has established a brand strongly. Over the past years, Alliance Bank has invested heavily in rebuilding a brand image which was negatively affected during the financial crisis on 2009. Alliance promotes itself as an â€Å"innovative, customer friendly retailer of financial products and services† whose aim is â€Å"to connect with the public on an individual level†. They have pursued this strategy through more traditional (TV, radio, brochures, newspapers and billboard) campaigns. Sales and Service Service is a critical differentiator for a community bank because most financial products are homogeneous. It therefore makes sense that Alliance has made unsurpassed service a key strategy company-wide. Much like Alliance’s efforts at creating a community atmosphere, this strategy could be easily replicated by other banks. Here Allianceis afforded at least a competitive parity. Information Technology and Human Resources Human Resource Development and Information Technology are two underlying segments of Alliance’s value chain that support all their other lines of business. For its part, IT’s strategic relevance is limited by the simple fact that most banking platforms are acquired from third-parties due to their huge development and support costs. These platforms tend to constrain service because they are geared more towards security and stability—for obvious reasons—than flexibility. IT is therefore generally a threat to Alliance’s quest to provide innovative banking solutions. HR, on the other hand, is a strategic asset that Alliance continually employs to support their unique service culture. HR has successfully managed the organization’s culture via a variety of methods: ongoing employee development/training programs, astute hiring practices, etc. 4. Recommendation (Corporate Strategy) Before making the recommendation concerning the Corporate Strategy, the profound analysis of the Company overview was made. Because of devaluation in Kazakhstan, the company is on the stage of technical default. Meantime, the financial sector in Kazakhstan is very vulnerable and some of the banks’ situation is becoming even worse. Alliance Bank is looking for new opportunities to get out of this situation. According to Madina Abdina, the head of Almaty branch of Alliance Bank, the bank is looking for investors to do restructure. This activity will save the bank from the bankruptcy. According to Banking Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Alliance Bank holds only 4% of total asset of Kazakhstani market. It means that Alliance Bank is not as big as â€Å"Halyk Bank† or â€Å"Kazkommertsbank†. Nevertheless, the company managers and employees doing their best to save their bank. One of the most optimal recommendations during this period would be to restructure the bank. When the bank returns the previous position, then it could look at other opportunities, which we will offer. We will recommend the bank to apply growth strategies. First is, through concentration strategy. The company can launch new services within the business or expand its business through expanding its geographic locations. We will talk about this issue later in this part. The first recommendation is that Alliance Bank should sign a Strategic Alliance with market’s giants; â€Å"Kazkommertsbank† or â€Å"Halyk Bank†. According to Banking Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan, â€Å"Kazkommertsbank† and â€Å"Halyk Bank† hold 18% and 19% respectively. This would be a good chance for Alliance bank to expand its business and to have new customers, but they should offer a good proposal to those banks. Another recommendation is offering new service as a product development. According to Forbes, Insurance is one of the most profitable businesses. Of course, there are many insurance companies in Kazakhstan, but according to the World Bank, life insurance still has not developed in Kazakhstan. Therefore, Alliance Bank can open an insurance company under the financial sector. The next recommendation relates to concentration strategy. The purpose of a concentration strategy is to provide a singular focus to the product line, and the market in which the company chooses to compete. The concentration strategy may be approached through market development or product development. In the case of Alliance bank, we recommend to concentrate on  market development through geographic expansion. In today’s rapidly globalizing economy, a well-planned and properly managed geographic expansion can help a business reduce costs, gain access to new markets and fuel the company’s future growth. In his article â€Å"The Effects of Geographic Expansion on Bank Efficiency†, Berger and DeYoung note that geographic expansion may allow scale or scope efficiencies that reduce costs or enhance revenues. Linking branches, ATMs, and back-office facilities over a larger geographic area may yield network economies. A more geographically broad institution may also be better able to serve business customers that have many locations, and may have a broader menu of potential new investment opportunities outside its home market. As we can see, there are numerous advantages of geographic expansion. In case of Alliance bank, it can open its branches in neighboring Central Asian countries, like Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Known to all, those countries are the least developed countries in the region and Alliance bank is able to introduce many new things to these markets. The products and services that are not highly accepted in Kazakhstan due to a big number of good banks in this region can have a greater success in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The main reason is that the banking system is not highly developed in those countries and there is a lack of good banks there. The example of a Kazakhstani bank that expanded geographically is Kazkommertsbank. It already has its successfully operating branches in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and the Russian Federation. Alliance bank has the same potential to succeed by geographic expansion. In the long term, Alliance Bank can expand to other regions of the world, access new markets and grow in the future. 5. Recommendation (Business Strategy) Due to rapid development of technology, Alliance bank can use an opportunity of creating a more developed SMS-banking system. SMS-banking is type of mobile banking, which allows customers to operate selected banking services over their mobile phones using SMS-messaging. Alliance Bank already had implemented internet banking. Still, it is not widely used among its customers due to inconvenience of usage. Bank has to promote its online banking system and SMS-banking very actively so that customers get to know the services of bank. By developing the SMS-banking, Alliance Bank will have a chance to compete with its rivals, differentiate its services from other  banks, which do not have internet-banking and SMS-banking yet. SMS-banking is well developed in international banks, as well as in Kazakhstan. One of the banks that use this system is Kazkommertsbank. Thus, Alliance Bank can differentiate its services by using one more feature to its customers. SMS-banking is very trustful, safe application that allows doing following operations: Balance enquiry Statement request Fund transfer to account number Fund transfer to mobile number Current exchange rates information; deposit interest rates Bank could spread new offerings, i.e. do mobile marketing through the SMS-banking, which allows decreasing the amount of funds spent for marketing. Bank could also use one of the latest tools against cyber-fraud – One-time password. OTPs are requested each time customer wants to perform transactions. Once password is used, it expires. Most of SMS-banking solutions are add-on products, which work on bank’s existing platform. Today, however, some companies develop independent applications that allow using SMS-banking. For instance, Alliance bank has access to â€Å"SMS banking† application for Apple products. The problem with this application is that it is only available for Apple products and also it is not easy to use. Ratings of users remain very low. There is one more application available for android system, called â€Å"Handpay†. This application, however, is also not easy to use, requires high speed of internet. Payment is only withdrawn for SMS-requi ries sent to the bank. However, customers do not find it useful. Therefore, we suggest developing a new platform for the bank. Firstly, it will increase the safety of operations for customers. Secondly, it will allow bank to charge customers with monthly fee (200 KZT for example), which is additional source of income. Thirdly, it will allow bank to spread information about new products without spending money for advertisement (through pull messages). Another business strategy recommendation for Alliance Bank is to introduce a new service – pension accounts. This is very convenient service for Alliance Bank subscribes because their long term clients will stay with their bank even during pension period. This service gives an opportunity for pensioners to get their pensions and make other  transactions with the same account. Alliance Bank should think about new activities which differentiate them from their competitors. One of such activities is launching pension cards for free. Another activity which our team recommends to Alliance Bank is that the bank should offer pensioners to buy or order Internet transactions with lowest possible rate. Pension accounts will give Alliance Bank and additional opportunity to expand its network. 6. Recommendation (Functional strategy) The functional strategy of the bank should be based on both recommendations on corporate and business strategies that our team offered. Different departments in the bank, such as Human Resource, R&D, Marketing and Accounting/Finance realize functional strategy. The main aim of functional strategy is to assure that corporate and business strategies implemented by the bank are successful. Alliance Bank should implement following activities for each of the above-mentioned departments: Corporate Strategy Business Strategy Strategy/ Department Strategic alliance Insurance Company Geographic expansion SMS Banking Pension account Marketing Think of appropriate way to deliver this message to customers Calculate efficiency of these alliance Use Push marketing Think of appropriate way to enter insurance market Use Pull marketing Contact local advertising agency to plan their marketing campaign for entering new market Use Pull marketing Think of appropriate way to deliver this message to customers Use Push marketing Think of appropriate way to deliver this message to existing clients Use Push marketing H&R Select new manager for executive position Hire new personnel for new company Select and send their specialist to the new market Hire new local people for different positions Train the local personnel Hire appropriate IT specialist Teach marketing team the usage of the technology Assign a team from existing staff R&D Make research before the implementation of alliance Monitoring the efficiency of alliance Technological leader Research about current market on insurance industry Technological follower Research on the situation of the banking industry in Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan Technological leader Research sms-banking application and find the most appropriate and easy to use Technological follower Technological follower Accounting/Finance Create pro-forma statement Find the most appropriate investors Find the ways to minimize the costs of opening the new business Calculate the future profits of the company Consider the opportunity of debt financing versus equity financing Find the ways to minimize the costs of opening the new business Calculate the future profits of the company Create pro-forma statement Create pro-forma statement 7. Implementation According to our recommendations, Alliance Bank should introduce; 1) Strategic alliance with Kazkomertsbank and Halyk Bank, 2) Introducing insurance company, 3) Geographic expansion under corporate strategy. Additionally, there were some more recommendations under the business strategy such as: SMS banking and pension account. Accordingly these new activities and businesses will change organizational structure of Alliance Bank and may introduce new management strategy. For signing Strategic Alliance, the bank itself will be responsible for all documentations. As for introducing insurance company, the company will have another division with responsible management. This would be the example of divisional type of organizational structure. In case of opening Alliance Bank’s branches in Tajikistan or Kyrgyzstan, the company should have a new managerial position with all functional areas in both countries. Here, Alliance Bank showing the geographic type of organizational structure. General Manager of both country branches will rapport to CEO of company in Kazakhstan. As about introducing SMS banking, the Engineering Manager and R&D Manager will be responsible for launching this service. When this service starts operating, a new manager should coordinate this service. In case of pension account, a new manager under the CEO of Alliance Bank will be assigned. In last two activities Alliance Bank will have the combination of functional and matrix types of organizational structure. It shows that implementing our recommendations will change the organizational structure of Alliance Bank significantly. 8. Conclusion The current situation of Alliance Bank makes the managers to think about new strategic plans in order to survive further. The company’s external and internal analyses show that company can introduce new activities and businesses which would be profitable for Alliance Bank. Our recommendations are based on analyses of SWOT, VRIO, Value Chain and PESTLE. Alliance Bank should introduce corporate strategies as Strategic Alliance with Kazkommertsbank and Halyk Bank, establishing a new Insurance Company and expanding geographically. Implementation of Strategic Alliance would take 3-5 months; establishing an insurance company would take 3-4 years; and geographic expansion would take much longer – 4-5 years. Alliance bank should introduce business strategies as SMS-banking and pension accounts.  Development of the SMS-banking would take 1 year and the development of pension accounts would take 3-4 years. To successfully implement the corporate and business strategies, Allianc e bank should involve all the departments of its company. Therefore, Alliance bank should have a good functional strategy. This would include involvement of Marketing, Human Resource, Research and Development, and Finance and Accounting departments. Overall, by summing up all those strategies we developed recommendations for Alliance bank which includes usage of corporate and business strategies in different situations as this would help a company to recover from the technical default and improve its current financial situation. 9. References Berger, A. N. & DeYong, R. (n.d.). The Effects of Geographic Expansion on Bank Efficiency. Journal of Financial Services Research. Retrieved from http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2001/200103/200103pap.pdf Biery , M. E. (2013). The Most Profitable Businesses to Start. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/sageworks/2013/04/28/the-most-profitable-businesses-to-start/ Clardy, A. (2013). Strengths vs. Strong Position: Rethinking the Nature of SWOT Analysis. Modern Management Science & Engineering, 1(1). Kazakhstan commercial banking report. (2012). Business Monitor International. Kazakhstan Overview. The World Bank, (2014). Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan/overview Tatum, M. (2014). What Is a Concentration Strategy? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-concentration-strategy.htm Toktabayev, K. (2013). Internet Banking. Business Review. Retrieved from http://profit.kz/articles/2019/Internet-banking-2013-ili-Odin-v-banke-dnem-she st-let-spustya/ Vidyanova, A. (2014). Alliance Bank Faced Technical Default.Capital Finance. Retrieved from http://kapital.kz/finance/26763/v-alyans-banke-proizoshel-tehnicheskij-defolt.html Yertayev, Z. (2013). Position of Kazakhstani banking system today – Review. Forbes journal. Retrieved from http://forbes.kz/life/opinion/v_kakoy_zone_nahoditsya_bankovskaya_sistema_kazahstana

Water Crisis

Every day, the sun rises, and each night the sun sets. Ripples of the ocean turn into waves, rolling in and back out into the vast sea. Trees grow, creating crisp air to replenish aching lungs, and life, both human and beast, continue on throughout time. Mankind knows that the sun will rise. People are dependent on the rising and setting of this huge, flaming star; but with pollution, littering, and soaking up all of the natural resources, the world will cease to turn. In that event, can anyone still depend on the sun to rise? Imagine a world in which there was a shortage of water.Although lakes, oceans, rivers, and bays are natural resources, they are not everlasting. This world would become dry and cracked. Trees wouldn’t be able to grow; therefor oxygen would become scarce and rare. Imagine this horrifying land where eventually, the world runs out of water. That is the world we live in today. The scary part is, not everyone knows about it. According to http://www. concernus a. org, a website dedicated to the current water crises, â€Å"A child dies every 15 seconds from diseases caused by a lack of safe water and sanitation. Every year 1. million children dye from preventable diseases such as diarrhea, cholera and typhoid. † As the author’s illustrated, all of these diseases are due to unclean water. Blue Gold: World Water Wars is an intellectual documentary about the sanitation of water. As stated in this film, â€Å"Today, one in eight people still do not have access to safe drinking water and more than half of the diseases in the world are caused by unclean H2O. † The speaker claims that one out of every eight people will be diagnosed with a preventable disease because of the water crises.The video demonstrates that the cause of unsafe water is a direct result of humans mistreating natural resources. Oil spills, toxic fumes, and smoke billowing out of mills have contributed to infecting the sources of water. Richer nations such as the U. S use an insane amount of the world’s resources. For example, According to Flow, a documentary about abusing water, â€Å"Exploitation of natural resources like H20 -the majority of which is caused by wealthier nations-has caused an alarming devastation to the environment.The global water and sanitation crisis is mainly rooted in poverty, lack of education, and inequality, meaning the crisis is an issue of access. † This film conveys that poorer nations do not have adequate access to water. As a result, millions of women and children in developing countries walk several hours a day to collect water that is safe to drink, yet very often what they retrieve is still contaminated. In the United States, many people do not feel the urge to care or be concerned, because it does not directly harm them. Although sob stories from third world countries are tragedies, many citizens of rich nations do not feel the effects.If the world stays on its current path, it is only a matter of time before water as a whole runs out. When that time comes, everyone will embrace the end of days. There are ways in which people can help to save the planet. Over population, lack of hygiene, and no sanitation education all contribute to unclean water. A great way to begin rescuing the word’s water is to get educated about it. A huge part of the problem is that many people have no idea that the world has a limited supply of resources. Children who work to collect water for their families are sometimes denied an education, which, in turn, contributes to the cycle of poverty. www. concernusa. org). In developing countries, agriculture is by far the most important economic sector in the production of food. However, according to the UN, â€Å"an increasing number of regions are suffering from chronic water shortages. Severe, frequent droughts and limited water resources have a drastic impact on a population's means of earning a living and producing food. † A ccess to clean drinking water is what enables a nation to thrive. For instance, according to Running Dry, â€Å"Human Development is more closely linked to access to water and sanitation than any other sector, including health, education, or access to energy. The author details that water is the gateway to human development, and the lack of water in third world countries is what is slowing down their production. The world needs to make a change. As individuals, people can take shorter showers, lessen the time they leave the garden hose running, or do dishes in a more efficient way. Corporations can agree to decrease pollution, and as a result the water can become clean again. Although this will take a long time to reverse the effects, the time to act is now. Because of water, whether it is a clear brook or a foamy ocean spray, life is able to exist.Trees grow, oxygen is plentiful, people are able to harvest food, and surviving goes from possible to likely. The world wasn’t m eant to become dry and cracked. It needs water to thrive just like everyone else. If humans can limit their usage of water, then they can still depend on the spinning of the earth; and as time goes on, so will human existence. Sources Blue Gold: World Water Wars. 11/20/2011 Documentary www. concernusa. org. 11/15/2011. Website Flow 11/15/2011. Documentary Running Dry. 11/21/2011. Film/book

Cover Letter stating interest and intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cover Letter stating interest and intent - Essay Example In addition, as a study student during Seoul Korea educational trip, I acquired effective public administration policies. The leadership and administration skills remain imperious in effective management of Fort Collins community and initiation of economic activities. Besides the aforementioned skills, I have had comprehensive experience in sustainable and successful research as a beneficiary of Seoul Metropolitan Government. Moreover, economic development experience gained as an intern at City of Clermont would be domineering in assisting me establish viable economic activities for improvement of Fort Collins and its community. Furthermore, I would have the greatest ability to initiate efficient planning and management programs that would uplift economy of Fort Collins’ community Moreover, I have acquired exceptional planning, coordination, and management skills as an intern and student. I anticipate to graduate with a masters degree in urban and regional planning and I believe that the course have equipped me with unbeatable organization techniques that would successful execute the outlined duties and responsibilities. Moreover, intern experience at Osceola and City organizations granted me an immediate experience in public participation, interaction, planning, and development skills that I believe would be authoritative in administration and management of the organization. Furthermore, my flexible and accommodative interpersonal skills, natural preference for change and working with people would be indispensable in establishing a result-oriented workforce at your supportive

Employee Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Survey - Essay Example The employee engagement survey of McDonald’s will consider three aspects of employee equity such as alignment of the Human Resources (HR), their capabilities and their engagement in the organizational process. The employee engagement survey is designed for the purpose of studying employee equity which includes their alignment, their capabilities and their engagement with the overall organizational process. The survey is intended to be based on the questionnaire method where employees will be provided with several close-ended questions in order to judge the equity. Contextually, it can be mentioned that survey is a useful method for recognizing the degree of alignment, possessed capabilities and level of engagement of employees. The major component of the survey is the type of questions to be asked to the respondents. The questions are designed in a close-ended framework so that it can fully address all the aspects of employee equity and make it a valid one reducing any kind of ambiguity (Nawaz, 2011). The reaction of respondents will be measured through Likert scaling method and will also be benchmarked by contrasting with other similar organizations. Employee engagement is considered as one of the biggest challenges for a multinational company such as McDonald’s. The sample for the survey will be selected randomly in order to avoid any kind of biasness from every hierarchical position of the organizational structure. The survey report on employee equity will depict the suitability of approaches and strategies used by McDonald’s in order to make employees satisfied and capable enough to contribute in the overall organizational productivity. It is worth mentioning in this regard that the survey has been developed in order to measure the level of organizational proficiency of McDonald’s and similar other businesses to manage their human resources

Blackberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Blackberry - Essay Example The Blackberry cellphone brand as a variety of designs which rage from QWERTY keyboard cellphones to virtual keyboard and multi-touch screens. Blackberry has approximately 3% of the cellphone market share and is ranked number 6 in terms of popularity in the mobile phone market. The Blackberry phone also has numerous other features however, the main target audience are the business sector. It provides people in business with the ultimate package in order to efficiently perform their duties. The paper will further analyze the the mission statement of the company and its vision and goals. It will also give a more detailed description of the products and services that are provided by the company and the financial strategies it implements in order to gain an advantage in the smart-phone market. The goals of the company are centered around the efficient provision of innovative solutions for global communication using mobile phones. This also involves the creation of software that further i mproves other cellphone features such as emailing, media, internet browsing and other applications. The numerous research and development programs that are carried out by the company clearly show the its goals to constantly improve and provide the people with better services. Mission Statement The mission statement continues to be the company's guideline in business. It is similar to that of its founding company RIM, which is to develop integrated software, hardware and services that facilitate for numerous networks and provide solutions and platforms for limitless access to urgent matters using features such as text messaging, internet based applications, phone calls, emails and internet (Daidj, 2013, 20). This mission statement aims to guide the company with its vision to be the leading designer, marketer and manufacturer of innovative wireless solutions for global cellphone communication (Daidj, 2013, 20). Company Overview Research In Motion, one of the leaders in wireless techno logy and innovation changed the mobile industry when it introduced Blackberry in the year 1999. From the time of its release Blackberry has continued to benefit numerous individuals and change the way in which they communicate. The global headquarters of the company is located in Canada, Ontario, Waterloo, and the company has offices in Asia-Pacific, North America and Europe. The company was founded by Mike Larzaridis, an its current President and CEO is Thorsten Heins (Daidj, 2013, 20). It recently changed its name in February 2013, and now trades under BBRY on the NASDAQ Stock Market and BB on the Toronto Stock Market (Daidj, 2013, 20). Products and Services Blackberry offers a wide array of products and services that are specifically suited for each customer's needs and requirements. These products consists of smart-phones and tablets (Blackberry, 2013). The company has a wide range of smart-phones that have continued to change in order to suit people's needs in terms of technolo gy and style. The software has also changed in the phones and tablets with the latest operating system being Blackberry 10. The latest cellphone also has 4G LTE network, 4.2† camera, dual core 1.5 processor along with other cellphone features. The latest Blackberry tablet is the Blackberry playbook which runs under Blackberry Playbook OS (Blackberry, 2013). Strategy Blackberry has always been one of the leading providers of mobile phones and enjoyed success and rising share prices over the years. However, the company

Strategic Direction of Tesco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Direction of Tesco - Case Study Example We have a track record of providing value for customers, creating jobs and training, providing opportunities for suppliers and regenerating deprived areas. [The Tesco Group had turnover of 33,974 million ($59,454 million) with pre-tax profits of 2,029 million ($3,551 million) in the year to February 2005. We have 2,467 stores, employing over 370,000 people in the 13 countries in which we operate. In Europe, outside the UK, we operate in Ireland, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Turkey where we have 305 stores and over 61,000 employees.] For the first 50 years, Tesco worked hard to establish the brand and build up a strong UK business, by ensuring that everything we did was driven by a never-ending ambition to improve our customers' shopping trips.] http://www.tescocorporate.com/annualreview07/01_tescostory/tescostory5.html "No one tries harder for customers," and "Treat people how we like to be treated," are the core values of Tesco and its approach to Corporate Responsibility. Sir Terry Leahy says that they believe they can achieve most when they work together on practical things that make a difference. Tesco helps customers and fairly treat colleagues with trust and respect. Tesco delivers cheaper and better products, and provide more choice for the people and community. We continue to make long-term price reductions throughout our businesses. As life has become busier and more complex, and living costs more expensive, Tesco has helped make shopping simpler, more convenient and affordable to customers. During 2006/07 we have: (http://www.tescocorporate.com/page.aspxpointerid=22492B1EE56448CDB88FAD501D742BCB) [launched our Fruit and Veg Pledge - that we would offer at least

Looking beyond the Irish Famine in OFlahertys Going to Exile Essay

Looking beyond the Irish Famine in OFlahertys Going to Exile - Essay Example According to Social Education (2000), the problems with the Irish potato crop were first reported in the Dublin Evening Post on September 9, 1845. During this time, the previously healthy green fields of potato plants turned black because potatoes were rotting underground. At first, the cause of the crop failure was unknown. It was later revealed that the blight was the result of a fungus known as Phytophethora infestans, which probably arrived in Europe from North America. There had been similar potato crop failures on the east coast of the United States in 1842 and 1843. The blight spread quickly through Holland and Belgium, arriving in Ireland in 1845, when it destroyed 30% of the potato crop. In 1846, 1848, and 1849, nearly the entire potato crop failed. Although the blight did not strike in 1847, people starved because they had eaten any unspoiled â€Å"seed potatoes† during the terrible winter of 1846-47. The British government decided not to provide replacement seed potatoes in 1847.The first official government response to the potato blight was to estimate damage to the crop. Police reported crop losses weekly. Experts also investigated the situation and suggested possible â€Å"remedies†, which were wishful thinking. At first, Br itish Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel purchased American Indian corn to help feed the hungry, and he set up small-scale public work relief projects. Later, the government and private charities set up food kitchens where they distributed soup, but such efforts were quickly overwhelmed by the magnitude of the problem. The situation for the Irish worsened when Peel and his supporters were replaced by a new government headed by Lord John Russell. Like most leading British thinkers and government officials at that time, he believed in laissez-faire economics. This theory held that government involvement in the economy (like aid to the hungry) would only increase problems like scarcity in the long run. Laissez-faire is a French phrase that means "leave it alone"; in other words, let market forces determine supply and price, with no government help or intervention. Thus, the British exported grain and livestock from Ireland to England (to pay for rent, tithing, and taxes) while the Irish pe ople were dying from hunger and famine-related diseases. There was also strong sentiment in England that Ireland was responsible for its own troubles and that local resources had to be used for relief ("A Brief History of the Potato in Ireland", 2000). As a result of the errors of the British Colonial Policies, the Feeney family had to make a choice to counteract the effect that the potato famine. Amidst the farewell party, however, the family masked to some degree the distress of the parents, who do not want their children to leave even though the parents realize that the departure of their children is a financial necessity. The father retreated to the barn for a time to hide his feelings, while the mother, to keep from crying, immerses herself in serving food and similar party necessities: The people were dancing, laughing and singing with a certain forced and boisterous gaiety that failed to hide from them the real cause of their being there, dancing, singing and laughing. For the dance was on account of Patrick Feeney's two children, Mary and

Workers in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Workers in America - Essay Example As the labor movement picked momentum in the second half of the 19th century, many labor unions, like the International Typographical Union, the Knights of Labor, rapidly rose in the US (History.com Staff). Among all, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) emerged as one of the first and dominant federations of labor unions in the US (â€Å"American Federation of Labor†). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the origins, the political and social perspectives, and the major labor activities that the AFL involved in during its lifetime. By the early 1980s, over 42 international labor unions were present in the US (Jones et al. 2). However, labor unions in the US remained feeble over the years. By the late 1870s, mere 3% of the overall labor force and hardly 8% of total industrial workers possessed membership of labor unions (Simkin). In 1881, Samuel Gompers (a Dutch immigrant) and some other local leading skilled workers in specific sectors, like cigar making, carpentry, and printing, established the â€Å"Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions† (FOTLU) in the US (Welling). During that era, the Knights of Labor was the largest organization that included many small labor unions and it had played a vital role in some of major labor strikes of the period (â€Å"AFL†). However, the Knights of Labor’s leadership had occasionally supported its rival trade unions which had compromised for lower wages and supplied strikebreakers during other trade unions’ protests or strikes (â€Å"AFL †). The Knights of Labor enrolled even small employers as its members to chase social reform and challenge capitalist ideology. It had little interest in local labors’ issues, like wage scales, qualifications of workers, working conditions, strikes, or particular trades (Jones et al. 2-3). The Knights of Labor lost some crucial strikes which cost the union many members. Especially after the Great Southwest Railroad Strike and the Haymarket Riot of 1986, employers’ opposition

Lenore Walker - Marital and Sexual Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lenore Walker - Marital and Sexual Abuse - Essay Example More importantly, her several theories and understandings of battery have altered the way that attorneys and criminal prosecutors look at battery and the abuse of women, which has led to new laws and regulations to assist women in need. This has been combined with a challenge to society to begin to change the way that women in the home and in contemporary culture are looked at. Walker has gained the title of being the mother of battered women because of her significant contributions and developments in the field of psychology, specifically which intertwine with the concepts of abuse. Walker began her research in psychology toward women in the 1970s, at which time she made some of the most significant contributions to the effects battery has on women. Walker began to study the field of psychology soon after graduating high school. She earned her Bachelor’s in 1962 from CUNY’s Hunter College, followed by a Master’s in 1967. In 1972, she earned a doctorate in psychology from Rutgers, New Jersey. She has held a practice for over 30 years and is licensed in Colorado, New Jersey and Florida. Her prestige in the field of battered women has earned her the title of Diplomat in Clinical and Family Psychology. To this date, Walker focuses on teaching psychology at Nova Southeastern University, specifically with a focus on forensic psychology. She also coordinates with several court jurisdictions and areas in Florida, specifically to help treat women in battered situations. Walker is a part of a consulting group that works to change regulations toward women in the courtroom. She is also the director of the Domestic Violence Institute, which is designed to change the understanding of abuse between women and children on an international level. The main theories that Walker developed began with her studies for her doctorate and continued with her first field studies after graduation

Assignment about ethics 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About ethics 2 - Assignment Example Julie arrived late in an ice storm but managed to get to the offices of Wal-Mart headquarters where Wright started grilling her regarding the agency review process. He asked her how she had picked DraftFCB as the agency which would take Wal-Mart on the amount of 1 billion dollars per year account. Julie had interviewed about 30 agencies before settling on the Draft. The questions that the president of the company asked her were based on whether she had allowed any of the agencies to pay for her dinner while she was talking to them. he also asked her of whether she had agreed to be carried in one of the cars that belonged to those agencies (Salmon, 2012). Four days after the interview had taken place, Juulie Roehm was fired because she had violated the strict ethcs policy that had been set for all Wal-Mart’s employees. As Wal-Mart expert stated, â€Å"Wal-Mart had a kind of unbending almost obsessive adherence to even the trivialist elements of an ethical code. They are a brut al competitor and everybody acknowledged that. However, Wal-Mart was also the company that wouldn’t take a dinner from you, that wouldn’t let you provide a soda if you went to meet them to talk about business, where they wouldn’t join trade associations for many, many years because they didn’t want to pay dues and have a conflict of interest† (Salmon, 2012). It is well known that Castro-Wright, who was the president, was responsible for the corruption scandal that happened in Walmex. This brought up an important question. Did the corruption that occurred in one of Wal-Mart’s chains occur irrespective of Wal-Marts strict ethics code? The point of contention here is that Wal-Mart left essentially nothing to the discretion of its employees showing that is did not trust any employee to do the right thing or make the right decision. Wal-Mart had codified everything in the form of rules and instructed that all employees follow these rules to the la tter. This issue resulted in a detrimental effect that can be seen in Roehm’s situation just for the fact that she agreed to take a soda (Salmon, 2012). On top of that, the senior executives of Wal-Mart were expected to have high levels of discretion when it came to ensuring that those rules were strictly implemented. Therefore, for a person like Roehm who failed to reach that level of discretion was easily fired. On the other hand, when it came to investigations of the conduct of the company’s president it was easy to give the roles of the investigation to one of his loyal subordinates who did what the president expected him to do and burry the case. Accepting dinner is not in any way illegal. However, engaging in sham investigations is illegal. In Wal-Mart, the allegations of the corrupt deals that happened at the Mexican chain, Walmex, ought to have been taken more seriously than what Roehm did. However, the executives at Wal-Mart saw the world in black and white an d failed to differentiate between unethical behavior and an illegal conduct. As a result, Wal-Mart executives were liable for criminal charges. This issue presents a conflict of int

The United States Consumption of Nonrenewable Resources Essay Example for Free

The United States Consumption of Nonrenewable Resources Essay The United States consumes 85% of nonrenewable energy sources to provide energy throughout the states: 40% comes from oil, 23% from natural gas, and 22% from coal. These nonrenewable energy sources are also called fossil fuels, which take about 300 million years in the making. Fossil fuels are termed nonrenewable because they are not easily reproduced. The U. S. can produce a considerable amount of petroleum. But the increased energy consumption leads to the gradual depletion of its petroleum reserves. Thus, U. S. has been importing oil since 1939. U. S. also depends on natural gas, which is a by-product of oil production. Since petroleum reserves of U. S. is depleting, production of natural gas is also affected. U. S. imports natural gas from Canada. About 27% of coal reserves is found in U. S. Since 1950, U. S. has been producing more coal than it can consume. U. S. exports the surplus to Canada, Brazil, and Italy among others. But U. S. coal reserves are also facing depletion. So coal exportation has decreased since 1991. Increased energy consumption can be attributed to increasing population, rapid industrialization, and continuous economic expansion. The increased energy consumption leads to the utilization of more of the now limited natural resources. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), the United States’ total energy consumption is estimated to rise from 97. 7 to 136. 5 quadrillion Btu between 2002 and 2025. What will happen to U. S. ’s energy situation? One, continued use of fossil fuels will increase emission of carbon dioxide and will intensify today’s problem on global warming and acid rain. Two, since there is scarcity of nonrenewable energy sources, U. S. , in the future might exhaust all of these. Importation could be the next step, but budget should be considered. Last, U. S. might exhaust other countries’ sources on nonrenewable energy, too. When this happens, the world might experience the greatest energy crisis ever. Think wisely! Act wisely! Conserve energy now! References An Energy Overview  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Energy Imports and Exports. (2008). libraryindex.com. Retrieved May 22, 2008, from http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/1486/An-Energy-Overview-ENERGY-IMPORTS-EXPORTS.html Conservation. (2008). Alternative Energy. Retrieved May 22, 2008, from http://www.altenergy.org/transition/conservation.html Energy Conservation. (2008). libraryindex.com. Retrieved May 22, 2008, from http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/1559/Energy-Conservation-FUTURE-TRENDS-IN-CONSERVATION.html Non-Renewable Energy. (2008). Alternative Energy. Retrieved May 22, 2008, from http://www.altenergy.org/transition/conservation.html Shepard, K. (2005–2006). Non-renewable Energy Sources. Peak to Prairie Home Inspection Service. Retrieved May 22, 2008, from http://www.peaktoprairie.com/?D=188

Us History In Film Essay Example for Free

Us History In Film Essay An engineer called William Kennedy invented a form of celluloid strip containing a sequence of image. It was a way of projecting moving images. At this point a remarkable discovery had been made but where still potentials to be utilized from the little discovery. This was when Thomas Edison made a kinetograph which is regarded as the first moving picture camera. And then a cabinet with consistent loop of a celluloid film was back up with an incandescent lamp and seen through a magnifying lens. All this improvement left one with that there was still potentials that could be utilized. The spectator was close to an eye piece. The kinetoscape palours was supported with fifty foot film snippets photographed by Dickson, in Edison’s â€Å"Black Maria† studio. These continuous sequences recorded events and entertainment acts like music, acrobat, and some fighting sports demonstrating. And soon enough the kinetescope parlors became wide known in European other part. Because Edison felt there was still room for improvement he never attempted to use these instruments on the other side of the Atlautie since he depended on previous experiments and inventions. Some parts of Europe. Thus propelled imitations such as the camera made by British electrician. At about that time Auguste and Luis Lomiere invented the cinematograph which was a portable, three-in-one device camera, printer, and projector. At about that time father Antoine Lumiere began exhibitions of projected films before the paying public, started a generic conversation of a way to projection. They then became Europe producers. At a point Edison disproved the projection but he later joined with the vitascape in less than six mouths. The very first public motion-pictures film presentation in Europe. That belongs to Max and EFmil skladanowsky of Berlun, who projected with an apparatus â€Å"Bioscop’, a flicker free duplex construction. The first public screening of film was made possible by Jean Aine a French photographer. On February, he presented his cinematograph to a group of twenty show business men in New York City. This was how film production began. The movies that time were viewed via temporary storefront spaces and traveling exhibitors or as acts in voudexille programs. At that time films where a minute long and would usually presented a single scene that was made by an experience of everyday life, a sporting or public event. At that time there was no regard for cinematic technique or skillful displays, editing was not done. But beginning of realistically moving photographs was good enough and accepted by the motion picture industry in countries around the world. There was a problem at this time to merge the image with simultaneous sound, but there wasn’t realistic way was invented. But by 1920s after several decades, movies were less mute, but then it was supported by live musicians with sound effects, and with dialogue and narration made and presented with inter-titles. The accepted length of a film remained one reel, it could go for about ten to fifteen, minutes, through the first decade of the century, partly based on producer’s assumptions or speculations about the attention spans their still working audience. In 1911 countries other than Australia began to make feature films. At this time 16 full length feature films had been made in Australia. Europe created series of reel period extravaganzas that were longer with international box office success like Queen Elizabeth (France, 1912) Qoo vadis the feature film began to replace the short as the main cinema. Leading this trend in America was director D. W. Grittith with his historical epics. The birth of a national (1915) and intolerance (1916). The former film was also known as the first to propel widespread racial controversy. The cinemas of Italy and France where the most globally popular. But the United States was already benefiting drastically when world war (1914-1918) caused a disruption and destructive interruption in the Europe film industries. The American industry also known as â€Å"Holy wood† was become globally popular with its geographic base in California, and from that position it began to export its products globally basically virtually all countries of the world and as a result of that if began to control the market in many of them. It became very influential as a result of that and it began to dominate the market as it spanned it great popularity. According to David (1981) pg26†By 1920s the U. S attained a period of the greatest ever output, making an average of 800 feature film annually or 82% of the global total. The comedies of Charlie Chaplin†, the Swash buckling adventures of Douglas fair banks. The American visual standard that would become classical continuity editing was developed and exported to other countries of the world. This development was made along side with the drastic growth and improvement of the studio system and its greatest publicity method which was made by American film for several decades to come as far as models for other movies industry. The studios where made efficient with control over all stages of the product made a new growing level of lavish production and some technical improvements. At this time the commercial regimentation and concentration on glamorous absence daunted brave and expectation beyond the horizon to a certain level. The control of Holly wood entertainment was not strong as it would be and alternatives were still globally seen and reckoned with. By 1915, there was ban termination on imports in France the nascent Hollywood fare propelled the make up of cinematic avant garde. Some film makers started making experiments with optical and pictorial efforts as well as rhythmic editing. The move became known as French impressionist cinema. â€Å"As time went by, Germany became American’s strongest competitor†Allen (1896) pg42. Its unique contribution was the dark, hallucinatory worlds German Expressionism, which increased its power of an unrealistic presentation to put those within states of mind as seen on screen, as well as influenced the horror genre that is gradually coming up. The cinema that was newly born in the Soviet was the most innovative. The make of editing, moved. Forward, going beyond its previous role in improving the strong perfections was made by Eisenstein. The Technique that was regarded as dialectical montage, which tried to make non-linear, often violently dashing images express ideas and propel emotional and intellectual reaction\s in the viewer. An investigation was made by the House up- American Activities committee in the early 1950s, protested by the Hollywood ten before the committee, the hearing ended up in the blacklisting of many actors, directors, writers, with change sky and Dalton Trumbo especially the United Kingdom. The cold war period zeitgeist transformed into near-paranla manifested in themes such as invading armies of evil aliens. During the immediate post-war years the cinematic industry was also threatened by television, and the continuous and drastic popularity of the knowledge meant that some move theatres would bankrupt and close. In 1950. The bettrist avante-gardists caused riots at the cannes film festival, when the Isidore 1800s Treatise on slime and eternity as screened after their criticism of Charlie Chaplin and split with the movement, the ultraletrists continued to disrupt when they revealed their new hyper graphical technique. Distressed by the ever increasing number of closed theatres, studios, and companies would definitely find new ways to bring audience back. These made attempts to life rally expand with new screen formats. As the cinemascope, which has supposed to remain a 20th century fox separated until 1967, was publicized with 19535. The Robe Vista vision, Cinerama, made a bigger is better approach to marketing movies to a falling us audience. This caused a revival of epic films to take advantage of the new big screen formats. Fanatics also came up to attract in audience. The crave for 3-D films was sustained for two years, 1952-1954, was helped sell House of wax and creature from the Black lagoon. Producer William Castle would toot films featuring â€Å"emergeo† â€Å"percepto†, the first of a series of gimmicks that would remain the popular marketing tools for castle and others throughout the 1960s. Hollywood has reflected a post WW2 tendency toward asking the establishment and societal norms questions to films like blackboard jungle (1955). On the waterfront (1984), Paddy Chayetsks Marty and Reginald Roses 12 Angry man (1957) Disney’s sleeping Beauty was released on January 29, 1959 by the Walt Disney company after nearly a decade in production. Television started competing with films projected in theatre, but surprisingly it promoted more movies going rather than curtailing it. By 1960 studios in Hollywood began to dwindle and that was as a result of many films that were being made on particular locations in other countries. While using studio facilities in other countries. Example of facilities used where pinewood in England and Cinecitta in Rome. At this time Hollywood movies attracted family audience and it was made old-fashioned. Because at that time old fashioned films produced the biggest success. There were productions like Mary Poppins (1964) my four ladies (1964) and the sound of music (1965) made the biggest money of the decade. And also there was a drastic growth in independent production companies and producers and this increase also added to the reduction of traditional Hollywood studio production. There was an improvement with regards to awareness of foreign language cinema at that period. By the late 1950s and 1960s the French wave of directors like Francois Triifact and Jean-Huc Godard produced films like les quatre cents coups and joleset Jim which broke the laid down rules on Hollywood cinema’s old structure even audience were becoming cognizance of Italian films like Federice Fellinis la Doke vita and the stark dramas of Sweden’s Ingmar Bergman. While in Britain â€Å"Free cinema† of Lindsay Anderson, Tony Richardson and others lead to group of realistic and inventive dramas including Saturday night and Sunday morning, As kind of loving and this sporting life. The new Hollywood’ and ‘post classical cinema are terms used to describe the era following the reduction of the studio system by 1950 and 1960s and the end of the production code. By the 1970s, film makers drastically depicted explicit sexual content and showed violent bloody images of horrible deaths. The post-classical cinema was used as a term to describe the changing ways of story telling of the â€Å"New Hollywood producers. The new way of drama was made up of played upon audience expectations. In the 1770s, some American film makers sprung as Francis ford Coppola, Steven Spielberg George Locas and Brain de Palma. This coincided with the increasing fame of the auteur theory in film and media that posited those film directors’ films express their personal perspective and innovative insights. The improvement of the auteur style of film production helped to deliver to directors far reaching influence over their critical and commercial successes, like Coppla’s the God father films, Spielberg’s laws and close encounters of the third kind and Goerge Loca’s star wars. It however caused some failures, alongside with peter Bogdnovich. At long last love and Michael’s Ciounos hugely expensive western epic Heaven’s gate, which helped to bring about the demise of it’s backs, united Artists. In early 1990s, witnessed the improvement of a commercially successful independent cinema in the united states, cinema was taken over by special-effects films like the Terminator 2 Judgment Day (1991) and Titanic (1997). Independent films such as Steven Beglis sex, lies, and videotape (1989) and Quentin Tarantinos Reservior Dogs (1992) had remarkable commercial prosperity both at the cinema and on home video. Studios ate mainstream at that time started finance and produce non-mainstream fare. A very successful Independents of 1990s Minamax films was purchased by Disney Atumated films at that time also sprung up to fame along with Disney’s Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and the Lion king. Documentary film also rose up to fame with the success of films such as March of the penguins and Michael More’s Bocoline for columbine and Fahrenheit 9/11. Some thing remarkable happened even as 15o inexpensive DV cameras were distributed across Irag, Turning ordinary people into corporative films makers’ threatres at home became sophisticated as some of the movies was made on DVDs designed to be shown on them. A Biography company sent D. W Griffith 1910 the west coast with his acting troop consisting of actors Blanche sweet, Lillian Gish, Mary Pickforch Lionel Barry more and others. They began filming on an empty lot near Georgia Street in down town Los Angels. The company decided to explore new places and traveled miles to a little village and enjoyed the movie company filming there. This place was called â€Å"Hollywood? Griffith then filmed the first ever movie ever shot in Hollywood called in old California a Biography melodrama which was about Latino-Mexican occupied California in the 1800s. The movie company stayed there for some time and made a number of films before going back to New York. When it heard about the nice place, in 1913 many movie-makers headed west the first feature made in Hollywood, in 1914, was called â€Å"the squaw man†. All the films made in Los Angeles from 1908 to 1913 were short subjects. With this film, the Hollywood movie industry was ‘born’. Through the First World War and it became the movie capital of the world it became a popular figure. By January 22 1947 the first commercial television station west of the Mississippi River began functioning in Hollywood. On December of the same year, the first Hollywood movies production was made for TV, the prosecutor. And by the 1950s, music recording studios started moving to Hollywood even as there opened offices there. Most of the movie Industry remained in Hollywood and also the districts outward appearance changed remarkably. Popular recording companies building on vine street called â€Å"Capitol† north of Hollywood Boolevard was built in 1956. This recording studio was not opened to the public but its distinctive design looks like a stock of 7-inch vinyi records. By 1958 the Hollywood walk of fame was created and the first star was placed in 1960 as a tribute to artists working in the entertainment industry. By 1985 the Hollywood Boolevard commercial and entertainment district was officially listed in the National Register of Historic places protecting valuable buildings and ensuring that the significance of Hollywood past would always be a part of its future. In June 1999, the Hollywood extension of the Los Angeles county metro Rail Red line subway was openly running from downtown Los Angeles to the valley, with stops along Hollywood Boolevard at western Avenue Vine Street and high land Avenue. Even as Motion picture production still takes place in Hollywood district mayor studios are located in the Los Angeles region paramount studios is the only studio that is located within, Hollywood some studios in the district include what was mentioned before. While Hollywood and its opposite neighborhood of Los Feliz served as the initial located of homes of the early television stations in Los Angeles market most of them have now relocated to other places within the same metropolitan area. â€Å"By 2002 some Hollywood citizens started campaigning for the district to take over from Los Angele and become as it has been earlier, in its own incorporated municipality†Woolworths(1990) pg56. People supporting the secession argued that the needs of their community were being neglected by leaders of Los Angeles. In June the same year the Los Angeles county board of supervisors placed secession referendums for both Hollywood and the valley on the ballots for a â€Å"citywide election†. In conclusion, this were the process that the American film also known as Hollywood passed through before becoming what it is today and it really amazing and remarkable that the entertainment industry in American has contributed over 60% of the whole of American revenue which has really affected their economy positively.And the industry is till growing drastic rate. REFERENCES David, A, American history in perspective teckno publishing house, 1981 Peter, S. O. film history. History publish Hoolporths house, London. 1994 Allan. M. S, The entertainment industry in America. Aquatic Pennsville. 1986 William O. The making of a kinetoscope Commendation and publications. Florida. 1991 Woolworths S. O. Entertainment history of the world. Readers house, Mexico. 990 Anothoney Peter, The wild Hollywood. Peuter House, publishing New York 1994 Serenago. M, The film industry. Myles publishing house, UK. Glory, M. Hollywood cinema. History records. Decks ville. Washington Sunday. O. O. The great entertainment move. Mensisiville house. Australia. 1993 Grace- S. O. historic account of the entertainment industry. Peterson house. 1979. Brooks ville. Wilson. D. Rebuilding Hollywood. Washington house 1979 Linda. O. The new Hollywood. New Jersey. 1989. Steven P. how movies are made. Edinburgh 1982 Aba. S. O. Films and modernization. California publishing house 1990

Front suspension system of motorcycle

Front suspension system of motorcycle CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIMS The main aim of this project is to Design and analyse of a front suspension system of motorcycle. The designing and modelling of the fork is done using Pro-Engineer (wildfire-4) and Stress analysis is undertaken by Ansys 11 softwares. 1.2 OBJECTIVES To get aware of deformations caused due to application of brakes to the fork of the front suspension system; To demonstrate detailed view of functioning of fork ; To show existence of various kind of front suspension systems used in motorcycles; Evolution of front suspension systems; To verify the benefits and the flaws of different front suspension systems, used right from the old age to modern age; To illustrate how the motorcycle keeps its balance and analyzing the factors that come into play while riding; Application of vibration modes, on suspension system of a motorcycle while riding. 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO MOTORCYCLE FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM A Motorcycle front fork connects a wheel and axle to its frame, by way of a pair of triple trees. The bike is steered by handle bars which are attached to the triple tree and also brake is provided to retard or stop the acceleration of the bike. There are loads of critical geometric parameters such as ‘Rake and ‘Trail which are establish by the fork and its attachment points on the frame, which usually play for handling and riding and dives as well during braking. Telescopic forks The term ‘Telescopic forks is defined because the tubes slide in and out of the body they are ‘Telescoping. The upper portion generally called as ‘Fork tubes (Male tubes) slides inside the fork bodies (Female tubes), which are lower part of the forks. Over more than century years of motorcycle improvement, different variety of front form arrangements have been attempted but some of them are still remain available nowadays. The most common form of front suspension for motorcycle now days are the ‘Telescopic fork Nimbus was the first manufacturer to produce a motorcycle with hydraulically damped telescopic forks in 1934.Early front suspension designs were used frames with springs. Greeves, a British manufacturer used a version of swinging arm for front suspension on their motocross design and also a single sided version suspension system is used in motor scooters such as the Vespa. Suspension system is equipped with large hydraulic shock absorbers with internal coil springs. The main work of the shock absorbers is to allow the front wheel to react to imperfections in the road while isolating the rest of the motorcycle from that motion. The Upper part (Top yoke) of the forks is connected to the motorcycles frame in triple tree clamp, which allows the forks to be turned while steering the bike. The Lower part (Bottom yoke) is fixed to the front axle around which front wheel rotates. The fork tubes should be smooth and mirrored finish, so as to seal the fork oil. Some fork tubes found on the off-road motorcycles are covered with plastic protective sleeves called as ‘Gaiters. The forks are constructed either of the conventional ‘right-side-up or sliding -female configuration, or the ‘Upside-down or Sliding -male configuration. In Both the cases, a cylindrical tube or piston sided axially within the cylindrical cylinder. Trail and Rake: ‘Trail is the measurement, on the ground, from a point which is projected through steering axis to the centre of the tyres contact patch below the axle. Trail determines the self centring stability of the steering as well. The triple clamps provide good lateral offset that the forks clear the sides of the front tyre. Usually Triple clamps are introduced to provide some measure of longitudinal offset as well, to alter the trail. Trail impacts directly on the steering stability of the motorcycle and its ‘return-to-center force. The trail is much affected by rake .Rake is defined as the angle between the vertical and steering axis. The steeper rake reduces the trail and trail itself is also affected by the longitudinal fork offset. More offset decreases the trail. The trail is also affected by axle offset. The trail increases in the case if the axle is coupled to the forks in front of their centre. Ride height: Sometimes rider desires to increase or decrease trail to change the steering feel so as to improve steering swiftness, or to eliminate high-speed shake, or to reduce a front end push. Ride height is simply defined as the forks extending up through the triple clamp. Decreasing the ride height by raising the forks farther through triple clamps in reality steepens the rake, which results in decreasing the trail. Alter in trail causes the effects to the rider to his ride height adjustments. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Motorcycles were first developed out of the bicycle frame, which certainly is rigid. Suspension systems were progressed over the years after critical researchers to filter out ground disturbances in more efficient ways. CHAPTER 3: 3.2 FORK FUNCTIONING: The weights are transmitted from inner tube to the outer tube or vice versa through the slider bushes which are placed between the two tubes. The bushes used for the good fork are critical because it should have a very low coefficient of friction as well as mounting tolerance. The system smoothness is totally dependent upon the friction forces developed during sliding movements as well as on the amount of stiction.The stiction is at maximum at â€Å"Moto incipiente â€Å",,When the initiation of the movement occurs between the surfaces. This stage is called as static friction. In Designing and fabrication of the slider bushes, the problem of sliding friction always stand for a weak point in the front fork of the vehicle. If we compare it, for example, to the rear suspension in which there is practically no sliding due to the displacements consists of rotations around the bearings. The suspension settings can be achieved by the stiffness of the spring, as well as the damping provided by the hydraulic part, to which is added the resistance given by the sliding friction. It is difficult to predict what the suspension behaviour operates and its proper functioning is taking cared by the availability of friction. In the design stage, limiting friction forces require that the loads on the bushes be minimized, boosting movement of the unit. When the fork is extended fully, only a small segment of the slider tube enters inside the sleeve. Hence at this stage its overlap is reduced to a minimum. This is also constitutes the least rigid configuration of the whole system. At the end of the travel, as a substitute of the fork tube overlap extreme therefore maintaining the stiffness. 3.3 FORK STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS: Certain forces acts on the fork leg while the vehicle is in motion. Two cases can be considered which helps us to derive fork stresses as well as deformation. They are (i) Fork flexure due to vertical loads: The flexure due to vertical loads involves the stresses which act on by weight of the motorcycle plus rider. Also stresses tend to develop due to road surface irregularities such as through potholes, steps ridges, etc. Actually these stresses are considered negligible for example, If we travel in the city at The ‘Moment of flexure or ‘Bending moment is generated when the vertical load is finally applied to the wheel. The moment of flexure or bending moment gradually increases as the fork is inclined. When with the same force applied, the bending moment will reach to the maximum in the case of fork extended fully and vice versa the bending moment will be minimum with the maximum compression. Therefore the values vary as the changes occur in the arm of the force applied. The stresses are less when the slider bushes are closer to the wheel spindle and are expected to function better. When the rider passing over dip holes in the ground in the road surface, the vertical loads can attempt very high values, hence the frame structure has to be stiff enough to avoid excessive deformation and simultaneously it should have the capability to absorb all the immediate bumps whenever the suspension bottoms out. At the front end the area, steering head tube receives the heavy stress .whereas, at the rear end connecting rods as well as the shock mounting come under the greater stress. When the motorcycle is stationary, the load values that appear during normal use are two to three times as big as static loads which are normally acting on the wheels. If we consider a medium powered street bike which is kindly moving on a bumpy road with a high speed and if the wheel bounce on hole then the stress exerted on the structure may be hundred of kilos or more. Maximum load values can take place when the off-street bikes jumps and cross over the obstacles. (ii) Fork flexure due to braking force: As it is the known fact that when braking force is applied to the wheel, then it is obvious to the wheel, experiencing the deformations upon different circumstances of road. In this case, Bending will greater as the length of the fork is high. The highly noticeable point of interest is that the deformation due to vertical forces is opposite to the deformation due to the braking force. In the previous case we observed that, during braking, because of the weight transfer effect, the front load increases; i.e. there cant be a braking force without an increase in vertical load. When the brakes are applied to the bike then some strong longitudinal forces are created, giving rise to bending moment that gets stronger as it rises from the ground to the steering head tube, finally transmitted to the whole frame. The steering head tube experiences the strongest moment. The steering head tube is the point with the least depth of section, which is the major plane of stress. Due to this considerations observed, detailed research and study has undergone to give the actual design dimensions of the whole steering tube. On this part of flexure happens during the big thrust of acceleration would definitely cause trail variation. When the braking stress dies out for example; when entering a corner, there would be an annoying elastic rebound action in response. Meanwhile the rear fork doesnt experience much stress during braking as front fork does. The above two effects (i) Flexure due to vertical load as well as (ii) Flexure due to braking force will certainly oppose each other and within the deceleration range of characteristics of motorcycle, depending upon Cg height, wheel base and fork inclination. In general fork flexing during braking is not as severe as one might think. Deformation due to torsional forces: The twisting forces which derived are as follows The alignment is poor between the fork axis and equilibrium forces; The components of equilibrium forces perpendicular to the fork axis and out of alignment with it; The couple which applied by the rider to the steering head. The resultant deformation is said to be very harmful for handling because the wheel does not respond properly according to the direction of control set by the rider of the vehicle. Effect of deformation on functionality: It is clear straight away that the presence of fork deformation makes the proper sliding inside one another more complex to the point of potentially impeding it. When the bike is in motion, the deformation is at highest at most critical circumstances such as brake application and corner entry. 3.4 DIFFERENT DESIGN TYPES OF FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM Telescopic forks are mainly classified into two kinds which are used in practical applications in daily routine life. They are Traditional or standard which is equipped with an internal tube, the one with smaller diameter in the upper postion, fixed to the frame. Upside Down or Inverted which is equipped with internal tube in the lower position, which is fixed to the frame. The hydraulic as well as elastic fundamentals of these kinds can be simply comparable in order to know the different responses of the same motorcycle equipped with two distinct types of forks. There are some manufacturers whom have created a ‘Cartridge containing the hydraulic part which can be easily mounted onto each of the applications being tested. The first telescopic fork prototypes was designed right after the Second World War, were laid out with little attention as to whether they were in traditional or upside down form. In the sixties, the majority of the forks produced was traditional type whereas Upside down design came into the existence at the beginning of the eighties. The upside down design was popularised back into circulation of sport bike applications. Contrast between Traditional and Upside Down form of telescopic forks: Benefits of Tradional form: Less number of components, given that the wheel attachments and axle lug derive directly out of lower stanchion which also keeps weight down; Unsprung mass weight is slightly reduced; Tubes slides in areas that are more protected from bumps and dirt. Benefits of Upside down form: It has superior torsional stiffness with the same weight, where the tube has larger diameter and is positioned in upper area, which deals with greater stress from the bending moment; Strong attachment between the tubes and the triple clamps which have large tube diameters. The above comparison between the two applications says that one is absolutely better than other. So, in this case upside down layout presents more advantages in the terms of stiffness which makes ideal for some sport-oriented applications. Both the applications Traditional as well as Upside down forks are characterized by Different stiffnesss; Different weight distribution; Different values of unsprung weight; Different center of gravity heights between the steering and the ground; Different values of inertia around the steering head axis. There are some other types of unconventional fork types and can be classified into the groups. They are Swinging front fork or Pivoted; Parallelogram linkage or Girders; Straight line slider guides; Paralever linkage. a) Swinging front fork : This type of fork was especially used on the earliest bike models and it is a very simple construction solution. In practical, it reproduces the geometry of the rear fork, along with a n arm that usually rests on a fulcrum which is placed on the steering column, making the fork rotate in one piece along with the steering head. Depending upon whether the arm is compressed or extended during braking, leading link or trailing link front forks are discovered. In both the cases of the forks, the layout may be seen to be symmetrical to the head angle with two arms or it may consist of only one arm. For scooter models, Pivoted front fork suspension is adopted, but they are almost rare when coming to high performance vehicles. The main characteristics of swinging front fork suspension system are as follows. In Smoothness ,They are very smooth when the rotations are assured by rolling bearings eliminating stiction; When the matter comes to design construction, the stiffness may be better or sometimes worst. The connecting rod linkage systems have never been used to gain progressive rates; it is easy enough to obtain progressive spring rather. The inertia is high around the steering axis and the unsprung masses have moderate weights which are totally dependent upon the type of construction used for the forks If we compare both leading link as well as trailing link, it will be the great point of interest. Leading link: In mid 1950s, the world champion Moto Guzzis which are the best handling racing machines of their period, were installed with leading link. The leading link consist of a tubular or pressed steel structure which connects the steering column in the link pivots and slot in for the suspension struts. The links appear to be independent or formed by a single U-shaped loop around the back of the wheel. In the case of the links separation, their resistance to independent movement as in the type of telescopic fork, depends upon the rigidity if their attachment to the wheel. If the wheel has large- diameter spindle then it also haves large wheel bearing and the most convenient and efficient method is a loop behind the wheel and a smaller -diameter spindle. Benefits of leading fork are as follows Quality of detail design Possibility of greater rigidity. Greater stability on the fork Precise control over the steering. The lack of stiction enhances the sensitivity to the small undulations and also any degree of anti -dive under heavy braking. The wheel has precise path which usually depends on the relative heights of the wheel spindle and link pivots. Because of the curve shaped, these forks are highly unsuited for the large movements which are usually used on modern off road machines. In the leading link during braking the anti-dive behaviour can be seen. The anti dive behaviour tries to extend the suspension, in the case of application of braking force that is applied to the fork .The Anti -dive behaviour can be prevented by fixing brake calliper to a torque arm which is connected to the steering. In this case, spontaneous center of rotation may be positioned so as to create anti-dive behaviour. Trailing link: The trailing link differs from that of leading link in many ways like the link pivots of the wheel spindle are ahead, not behind. The demerit of this kind of fork is higher steering inertia, since the bulk of the mass is relatively far from the steering axis, which has an effect that partially offset by the smaller amount of material required to reach the pivots. In the trailing link during braking, the pro-dive effect occurs which is quite similar to the traditional fork .In this case as well brake torque arm will be introduced along with fixing brake callipers in order to get the proper effect when braking. b) Parallelogram linkage or Girders: Girder forks are widely used now a days which is also considered for their excellent steering. Due to friction dampers, the performance was generally limited and very crude by current hydraulic standards. The links which operates the suspension system were short and due to this kind of forks are very much suitable for small amount of suspension movement. One of the forks namely Vincent â€Å"Girdaulic† was most sophisticated. It consists of light -alloy blades and one-piece upper as well as lower link assemblies. The trail for this fork was readily adjustable. Springs were adjusted in the long telescopic tubes, behind the uprights, but the hydraulic damper was separate, mounted in front of the head stock. The lateral stiffness was boosted by a plate which will bridge the front of the blades. Hydraulic damping is employed against suspension movement and also to damp out steering excursions, a damper was used. The most recently released linkage designs comes under this category. The main characteristics of the parallelogram linkage are as follows The smoothness of the fork is outstanding, since sliding friction is substituted by rolling friction i.e. Sliding movements are kindly replaced by rotations around the roller bearings; It has got adequate amount of stiffness enhanced by the design construction; The progressive rate of the suspension can be incorporated; The trajectory control is excellent which is highly dependent on type of fork used. It is possible to have different types of wheel trajectories with the help of parallelogram linkage system. The trajectory can be considered perpendicular to the ground, maintaining the same wheel base, or to obtain certain degree of anti-dive it may be inclined forward, in the beginning phrase. The trail control is good. In this case, it is highly possible to create constant trail geometry with varying travel .It can be increased or decreased according to riding behaviour of the vehicle. Depending upon the fork design, the unsprung weigh could be less but the net weight of the suspension remains constant. The most popular design solutions used in automotive industry are as follows Solution (a): In this type of solution, the fork legs are allowed longer along with mounting brake callipers. Like single sided rear fork, the links that hold the wheel can also be asymmetrical. The steering is controlled by positioned links. Solution (b): It is rarely employed and characterized by high steering masses and substantial inertia, less bulk and steering control is high. Section (c): This type is rarely employed. The leg length is reduced to make large wheel travel. Kinematic loads will be large with such a short fork legs. Solution (d): This kind of solution is generally employed for light motorcycles and has been introduced right after the Second World War. The steering control is good but it imposes limits on the steering mass size and on trajectories available to the wheel. Because the links are located at certain altitude, the stresses on the links due ot the forces are very tough. Solution (e): This kind of solution has been introduced in most advanced applications. In general, it unites all the advantages offered by girder solutions. When it comes to design of the fork, it experiences some drawbacks in the terms of the looks. The horizontal arms have to be long enough to allow the wheel to be steered. Due to this factor, it could be a strong limit the maximum steering angle value, which usually restricting the use of this solution to the street bikes. The links controls the steering; offering the possibility to position the shock absorber in areas that make the mountings powerful and fabrication is easy. Through connecting rod system, the steering control may be easily constructed. Solution (f): This solution is quite similar to the solution (e), but it does not allow offset of the wheel with respect to the steering head axis or zero offset. Due to the large diameter bearings in order to house the steering kingpin, the wheel hub center becomes complicated. (c) Straight -line slider guides: Straight-line slider guides are especially regarded by the same geometry as the rear fork when speaking about the controlling the trajectory of the point O point and trail are concerned. Practically, the cylindrical slider is replaced by a straight line slider but of rolling type. The classic shock absorber is represented as the damping element in this case, while rolling guide bearings are similar to ones used for highly developed mechanical machining work. The Advantages of Straight-line slider guides are as follows à ¼ It enhances better smoothness; à ¼ It hails limited play as well as has got good stiffness; The limitations of straight-line slide guides are as follows The main problem is difficulty in positioning the two disc brakes Asymmetry-it gives rise to bothersome moment around the steering axis. (d) Paralever linkage This type of solution is generally considered as a corrupted parallelogram linkage system because, the upper linking bar is missing and also the suspension function is done by a slider derived from intermediary part that becomes a sort of fork. Advantages of paralever linkage system are as follows: The sliding motion in this case is simpler when compare it to standard fork The transmission ratio is 1:1 in this case as the steering is directly connected to the tubes. Limitations of Paralever linkage are as follows: It is more mechanically complex than a traditional fork and generally bulky due to the presence of horizontal arm. (e) Mechanical anti-dive system: In the field of racing, mechanical anti-dive type fork systems have been introduced to limit their tendency to front end dive. In this case, By means of a series of links, the braking force sustained by the brake calliper is transferred to the chasis, opposing its tendency to dive. The mechanical anti-dive system has been not recognised universally because of the following problems incurred. Making of brake callipers is difficult in this case which mounts rigid enough, with possible braking power loss and aswell as formation of micro-vibrations. The systems weight is high Moment of inertia is increased over the steering masses Less amount of effort have made in vehicles handling. (f) Hydraulic anti-dive system: Mechanical anti dive system has been replaced by hydraulic-anti system. Hence they are increasingly rare. The hydraulic anti-system is totally based on the hydraulic braking usually when the brakes are applied, by blocking the passages. When the hydraulic brakes are made too strong thus it becomes difficult to absorb small irregularities in the road surface, especially during the complex way of entering the corner of the road. CHAPTER 4: STRAIGHT LINE MOTION The topic straight line motions deals with How the motorcycle keeps its balance analyzing the factors that come into play which can simply help the rider to maintain the motorcycle in a vertical and stable position while travelling. The factors that are responsible for maintaining the straight line motion path are Inertia effects Gyroscopic effects Righting effects. 4.1 INERTIA EFFECTS The product if mass multiplied by the velocity of a body gives the quantity of motion of the body. Due to greater value of this is, the less influence external forces will have on trajectory. For example, lets assume that a motorcycle is travelling at high speed such as 100km/h then the vehicle also attains a velocity of 10 km/h perpendicular to the original trajectory as shown in fig a. If the motorcycle moves at slower speed of 10km/h, then the same component velocity influenced by the gust of wind brings variation in the direction of travel as shown in fig b. Hence as the velocity increases, small directional variations orthogonal to original direction will bring smaller angular variation. Therefore, now we can state that the greater the forward velocity, the more difficult is to move the vehicle from its initial straight-line trajectory. The same concept can be applied to mass like heavier a body is; the more it resists changes to its speed and direction. In the figure, Vint = initial velocity Vres = resultant velocity dV = variation in velocity ÃŽ ± = angular variation in velocity. 4.2 GYROSCOPIC EFFECTS: When every time a body spins rapidly on its axis and simultaneously is to set into rapid spin around a second axis is referred as gyroscopic effects or a moment that eventually acts around a third axis perpendicular to the other two. In routine life, gyroscopic effects can be seen for example, a spinning of bicycle wheel in between ones hands illustrates gyroscopic effect. If the wheel is set to keep axially parallel to it and raise and lower the wheel straight up and down then we can notice no opposing action on our hands. Hence it can be said that the opposing vertical force is needed to perform the action will never be more than the weight of the wheel itself. Now in the next trial if the axis of the wheel is turned in clockwise motion around vertical axis, as if we were holding the steering handlebars. In this case, we will notice that our arms are affected by a couple that tends to rotate them around the longitudinal axis. From the following experiment, certain conclusions can be drawn Gyroscopic effects will be more when the wheel rotates faster The intensity of the reaction will differ obviously, if the axis is tilted faster or slower. 4.3 RIGHTING EFFECTS: The parameter righting effects is profoundly influenced by the geometrical characteristics of the steering unit of the motorcycle. The correct combination of these factors gives positive results for the awareness of stability. Righting effects can be depend upon the following phenomenons Steering axis Rake angle (Castor) Trail 4.3.1 Steering axis: Regardless of structure of motorcycle suspension they are characterized by a front wheel suspension by a front wheel steering, because front wheel is free to rotate around the axis which is called as steering axis. In general, the steering axis in the bicycles is referred as Head angle and is measured clockwise from the horizontal when viewed from right hand side. A 90 ° head angle would be vertical. For example a 2007 Filmore, which was designed for the track with a head angle, varies right from 72.5  ° to 74  °, depending upon frame structure and size. 4.3.2 Rake angle: In the case of front suspension, it is very easy to identify steering axis especially in the telescopic fork because the steering axis coincides with the axis of the guide bearings inside the slider around which the fork rotates. This steering axis is present in all automotive type suspensions is inclined with respect to the vertical angle known as Rake angle. Rake angle is measured usually in degrees from zero. Inclination of rake angle (ÃŽ µ): If we increase the angle of the steering axis then we should also increase the value of trail. Usually the steeper the inclination of the rake angle, the motorcycle tends to be more stable directionally. Some grand prix bikes meant for competitive or sports oriented uses smaller rake angles such as little as 21 ° rake angle. custom made bikes have modified a steeper rake angle beginning from 28 ° and reaching 40 °. 4.3.3 Trail: The Trail of the front suspension system is defined as the distance between the point of intersection of the axis with the ground and the contact point of the front wheel w