Total quality management (TQM) is a systemic approach to productivity Essay

Total quality management (TQM) is a systemic approach to productivity enhancement - Essay ExampleAlthough, above stated definitions with relative explanation satisfy the introduction of TQM supranational Standard Organization1 defines it as, TQM is a management approach for an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of alone(prenominal) its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and to society. For an organization to implement TQM, it mustiness maintain above stated quality standard in all aspects of its business. This requires ensuring that things are done flop way the first time and that defects and waste are eliminated from operations.Globalization makes quality take place. As the companies feel bigger, there is an increasing demand for Just In Time Management. This makes things move faster, while further come towards globalization while being responsible for the removal of tailback in manufacture along with resulting in luxuriously quality production. Therefore, it can be said that the impact of globalization on quality is positive.On the other hand, globalization has also brought some most important confrontations for quality2. The augmented struggle among organizations across the world is more than forceful than before. This leads to the fact the producing the products at the lowest represent may win in the end which implicates that the market may only be motivated on price factor and not on all other factors which put in value to a product (Layne Gobrogg, journal article). When the marketplace grows to be cranky to price only, service and quality suffer. Hence, what the world has seen in the recent times is exactly what has been discussed. superior orientated textile industry in Pakistan has almost completely shifted to China which produces products at the lowest possible cost and minimal quality. This reflects the exact impact of how gl obalization affects quality, whether it be directly or indirectly. Traditional Management Styles vs. Quality Focused Management StylesTotal quality management has changed the traditional management behavior forever. Traditional style of management focuses on internal activities while assuming that products or services provided by organization are good in quality. However, total quality management focuses on the customer as the ultimate decider of the quality. Perhaps, the study difference between total quality management and traditional management style is the delegation of the self-assurance with responsibility of the quality to the various levels of management, particularly to the middle level management. For this, TQM requires very high level of teamwork, contrary traditional style of management. Along with above stated differences, the other major difference is that TQM makes decisions on evidences of facts and figures, distant traditional management style. Perhaps, this is the reason why TQM has been more successful than originally thought.Application of TQMBefore implementing TQM, flower level management must have total faith in its implementation process3. TQM can be implemented in an organization through a step wise strategy. My strategy for Starbucks will be as following1. Appointment of a representative for coordinating the TQM implementation pr

What insight does the theory of internal colonialism offer into the Essay

What insight does the theory of internal colonialism offer into the processes which led to the physical composition of the United Kingdom - Essay ExampleIn addition, religion, language, culturality or another cultural factor may have set this internal colony apart and the members left out of g all overnment and other governmental processes.When the colonial period ended, the term was used for regions where sovereign government exploited the economically backward and ethnically unique. This paper examines the notion of internal colonialism, and how it brought about the creation of the United Kingdom.2. The effects subjugated on the gardening and society of the colonized members. This is quite apart from a result of natural mixing with the conclave. The colonizing group initiates a strategy to transform, constrain or obliterate native values, orientations, and the old way of life.3. Successful colonization necessitates a relationship where people of the colonized group allow them selves, without continuous revolt, to be governed and supervised by the colonizers with regards to their ethnic position.4. The practice of racism. It is a feature of social domination and exploitation by one group over another who is viewed as inferior or different with regards to certain biological features. Such a group is controlled, and oppressed socially and physically by the superior groupTheories of internal colonialism are diverse and legion(predicate) attempts have been made to put them into perspective. In an effort to explain them, Robert J. Hind says that the theories give many reasons, descriptions and inferences and wrongly assume a great deal of harmony among both the natives and colonizers. There is also a disposal to reduce the intricate social organization to simple terms. These theories overlook the fact that for capitalism to expand, colonialism is a inevitable evil. Rodolfo Stavenhagen says that a certain degree of social polarization combined with disprop ortionate development is necessary for capitalism to further itself. Thus, internal colonialism that prevails in a number of nations

Leading a Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leading a squad - Essay ExampleLeaders exercise their power in making final lasts and also in implementing rules and regulations (Berry and Cartwright 2000).The skills that are essential in a leader in order to lead a aggroup are decisiveness, motivational capability, communication, management, goal orientation, persuasiveness and optimism.Motivation is an essential trait of leadership. Leaders are never successful without having the skill of motivation. The leader should be self-motivated and should encourage his co-workers to perform better. Along with motivation, leaders should be fit to persuade people to work in a set direction. For persuading group members, leaders must wealthy person an exemplary personality and should prove themselves as an example for their team members.For convincing team members to work in a certain direction, leaders must be communicative. They are required to communicate with their team members in order to gather ideas and decide accordingly. Lead ers should make decisions after listening to their team members. The final decision should be of the leaders. The leader should be decisive and should not rely wholly on his team members in order to come to a conclusion. Every team member should be given a chance to share his views concerning an issue or problem but the responsibility of decision-making rests on the shoulders of the leader.Leaders are required to be optimistic and goal oriented. The positivity of leaders inspires the team members to come up with autocratic results concerning assigned tasks. The leaders keep goals for themselves and their team members and make sure that their set goals are met. Successful leaders are those who are able to meet their set goals. Leaders are asked to follow 5 Ps to come up as effective and efficient leaders. They are Pay attention to whats important, Praise what you want to continue, Punish what you want to stop, Pay for the results

Communications Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communications Plan - Assignment ExampleA two month period is overflowing to present the sense of hearing with enough examples on the effects of tobacco computer programt and cigarette smoking. deep down this two month period, I will be able to collect enough data on the people who have had their life turned up placement down as a result of tobacco use and tobacco smoking (Health effects of, 2013). The quantify period of matchless month is enough for me to present my plan to the audience and give the audience enough time to ask questions about my presentation. The time frame of two months will be enough for the audience to obtain enough knowledge of the side effects of tobacco smoking and use and will also give them enough time to withdraw of how to make better decisions on smoking and be cautious of who is around them whenever they are smoking. I am likely to incur high costs in the communication plan. For example, the use of media like tuner place and seminars will requi re me to channel large sums of money. I will make advertisements on the local radio stations to inform the audience about the different seminars intended to be held. Using media to make advertisements is really expensive and will require me to put in a huge sum of money. ... This means that a lot of funds will have to be channeled to research and data collection. Other costs involved the communication plan is the indirect costs and directs costs associated with research. These costs include research and development as well as research and administrative costs. The entire process of interacting with the people, carrying out research, educating people and answering the questions from the audience will involve the use of money. A period of two months is a long time for one to be involved in the communication plan. Time is a resource which is very limiting and expensive. observe the effectiveness of the plan is the performance metrics/targets that will be utilise in judging on the success of the plan. This metric will include obtaining feedbacks on the communications which have been planned and implemented. The performance metrics will help to determine the level of efficiency and effectiveness on the communication plan. To judge on the success of this communication plan, I will obtain feedback from the audience to tell me on how they feel and what they make about the plan. I will also build a method that will be used in the measurement of results. These methods will include a weekly draw on the communication plan and the effects of cigarette and tobacco smoking, periodic briefings to the audience, end of the month summary and a formal report (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2011). Aim statement will also be stated prior to the send-off of the communication plan. This will be very helpful at the end of the communication plan as it will help in ascertaining whether the stated aims and goals were arrived at. I will also make use of a structure d framework for

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 8

Research Proposal - Essay ExampleParent-child relationships are frequently broken by the mental illness of a parent. Uysal, Hibbard, Robillard, Pappadopulos, and Jaffe (1998 as cited in Nicholson, Biebel, Kinden, Henry, & Stier, 2004) discovered that parents with mental disorder were less(prenominal) nurturing less focused on motivating social skill exploitation, cleanliness, and obedience and were commonly less complicated with their childrens social being than parents without mental illness. Such parenting deteriorations could be related with child problem doings (Nicholson et al., 2004).In order to situate the research questions in theoretical perspective, several major components of social development framework the interdependencies of social lives and the function of human agency in the process of making decision (Reutlinger, 2009), lead be considered. A fundamental principle of the social development framework is that the lives of people are connect (Reutlinger, 2009). Th e interrelated lives of parents and children are specifically significant due to the fact that even though children commonly use up little say in the decision making of the lives of their parents, the family define the living situations of children considerably by poignant the levels of different social capital resources accessible to children within the family unit (Schmier, 2004).Even though the lives of children are influenced by an array of social institutions external to the family, such as peers, neighborhoods, and schools, the fates and opportunities of family members are strongly interconnected, and families keep hold of a major role in the social development of children (Schmier, 2004). Family arrangement, the prerequisites of abilities and skills by adult family members and the possible rivalry for resources from new(prenominal) family members therefore all facilitate in the construction of the domestic

Criticial review on Guillermo del Toro's Pan's Labyrinth film (2006) Essay

Criticial review on Guillermo del Toros Pans tangle dart (2006) - Essay ExampleThis paper provides a critical analysis of this film. The plot of the film is tag in the civil war of Spain. It revolves around a quest by an 11 year anile girl called Ofelia. The girl is sensitive and faces relocation to a secluded military camp with her sick mother. The commandant of the camp is the girls step father. He is the main antagonist in the film and is doubtless an extraordinarily vicious and cruel person. From an oppressive environment, the little girl moves to the thaumaturgy world. Here, she follows a dragonfly and is interpreted to witness worlds that are full of spellbinding enchantment. Ofeila then meets a type of faun (a goatish god ling pan). He tells her that she is destined to be the successor of the whole kingdom. However, she had to complete three tasks for her to meet her family and stay in the current world. The little girl finds herself torn between the real world and th e fantasy world (Gill & Roy, 2010 p45). The film employs the chicane use of imagery in the plot development. In the film, it is noticed that Ofelia experiences the presence of monsters in both the fantasy world and the real world. One compelling reason to watch films by Guillermo is excellent acting. This film is a superb example of a film with talented actors, who play their roles significantly well. The role of Ofelia is well compete by actress Ivana Baquero as she experiences her ordeal in both the fantasy and the real worlds. ... The film is exceptionally ripen since it is a majestic and dark piece of fantasy that is filled with satyrs, fairies and toads (Guillermo, 2006 p2). When viewing the bloody aftermath of the Spanish war from a waist-high vantage point of his heroine child Ofelia, the director splits the action in the film between the two worlds fantasy and reality. The film is made astounding through the vision of the director. This is because the doodles of his sketc hbook are well crafted by the production team to bring to life the haunted forests, the subterranean worlds, and the giant toads. genuinely fantasy moment in the film drips with its significance (Guillermo, 2006 p3). Pans world may be one of dark fantasy, but the fantasy world is not near disturbing than the world that Ofelia is essay to escape from. In the real world, her father holds court. He rules his military post with clinical and vicious force play as he tries his very best to rid the country of all the guerrillas left. He plays the role of a true monster in the film, as a fascist ogre that is in clad to the supremacy of Francos regime. The director scores a veritable coup when he sets his mythical beasts alongside the enactment of evil possessed by Lopez. He dissects the horror that is associated with fascism under the disguise of a fantasy characterization (Moscowitz, 2009 p67). This film is a fantasy/horror cinema that is molded around a core of politics. Del Toros t rademark of visual fair gets its chance to shine from this film. The tale is rendered so well on the try out that the subtitles are barely needed. Every actor excels in their role, and this makes the film compelling from the beginning to the end. The movie does not miss

Separation of Church and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

dissolution of Church and State - Essay sheathAmerican attitudes concerning church-state relations are subject to two conflicting forces. First, Americans are very religious. In comparability with citizens of other industrialized nations, Americans report an extraordinarily high degree of religious belief, association, and practice. This means that, at times, on that point is a strong enticement on the part of some citizens to transform their religious rules into public policy. Specifically, if religion is a significant influence in a citizens life, that citizen seems more probable to seek government sustainment of religiously based values. Second, and perhaps, on the contrary, the notion of a constitutional separation of church and state (a vocalize that appears nowhere in the U.S. Constitution) is an influential symbol in American policy-making discourse. Though there is runty agreement relating to the precise meaning of such separation, the principle itself is not normall y challenged in American politics. Thus, Separation of church and state was definitely not an invention of the Enlightenment political theory that might energize prompted similar thoughts in the mind of the respected Thomas Jefferson. Certainly, it misleads to analyze the lively experiment in political terms at all, for the Providence regime was just as certainly and decisively rooted in Protestant theologies as was the Puritans city on a hill.The encompassing description of liberty of conscience was the systematizing principle of society, and it produced a kind of severance of church and state. It is thus significant to keep in mind that the sectionalization was meant to protect the church and the soul from the debasing influence of the magistrate, to protect the garden of the church from corruption in the boondocks of the world. The quest for spiritual purity quite factually led into the political realm, where he was basically traditional, if not authoritarian.

Marketing foundations & Applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing foundations & Applications - study ExampleProduct development often becomes impossible and critised because of the following reasons shortage of important ideas in certain(prenominal) atomic number 18as fragmented markets social and governmental constraints cost of development capital shortages faster required development magazine and shorter life cycle.New product development often entails modifying an existing product or creating totally contrary offerings to satisfy a current need. In these product developments, profession organizations may encounter hardships in identifying features which adds honour to the customer. There are cases when current products cannot be enhanced because of shortage of ideas that can improve the offering. A right-hand(a) example of detergent soaps. Companies may be hindered in developing new detergent products which can hike up the satisfaction of customer in this particular product.Next, product development can be unlikely because the business organization is operating in a fragmented market which implies that they need to aim their new products at smaller market segments thereby generating only meager profits and revenues. When developing new products, companies should take into explanation all of its current market and not just a segment of it. If not, the new product positive will completely change the positioning of the business organization in the industry and may as well as discourage their current customers in purchasing the new product.With the increasing clamor for being socially responsible, companies are often under the scrutiny and regulations of social organizations and the government. New product development can be critised because of the gage that these products can bring to the consuming public. An example of this is the growing concern for obesity in the global stadium which forces business organizations to modify their products and add only those which have more health

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Questions - Assignment ExampleSome of the differences between mitosis include but not curb to, mitotic cells divide once whereas meiotic cells divide twice. Mitosis results in cell replication as for meiosis, genetic recombination and drudgery of reproductive cells being the sole aim. Mitosis doesnt yield exact copies whereas meiosis does. Mitosis also gives rise to diploid cells while meiosis gives haploid cells. DNA crossover occurs only in meiosis (Armstrong, 2007).As for similarities, duplication of an organisms genome takes place only once preceding any other duplication in both processes. There is the existence of metaphase plates, centrioles in both (Armstrong, 2007). Basic steps of division be the analogous for both. Mitosis and meiosis occurs both in eukaryotic cells. Finally, both represent reproduction processes.A wild creation contains large and curt plants. In one cross, two parental tall plants yield all tall progeny. In another experiment, two short plants are c rossed and all progeny are short (cross 2). In the third experiment (cross number 3), two different short plants from cross 2 are crossed and 23 tall progeny and 77 short progeny are observed.The F1 generation came just about through selfing of F1 plants. While maintaining Mendels first law, law of segregation, where the gamete is formed when each member of the allelic draw off disjointed from their other member. Confirmation of accuracy of his law through selfing of F2 plants yielded all tall and short plants severally (Tornqvist, 2006). This can be depicted using a Punnet square as depicted on the nigh

LAMPOSTS CLAIM IN THE LAW OF TORT Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LAMPOSTS CLAIM IN THE LAW OF TORT - Case Study guinea pigBut the safety crew did not give the warning. Such failure of BBC, through the safety crew, is considered oblivious which caused Jones accident. Thus, the BBC was nonresistant for Jones injuries. The cameraman and Jones worked as a team because their equipment was linked. Jones with his equipment was following the cameraman who had decided to pass on a lower floor the mast thereby leading Jones into the hazardous area. The cameraman was then in breached of his duty of upkeep and the BBC was vicariously liable for that negligence. In Wilsons & Clyde Coal Company, Limited v English, 1938 A.C. 57, the House of Lords stated as follows primarily the master has a duty to take due care to provide and maintain a reasonably safe schema of working in the mine, and a master, who has delegated the duty of taking due care in the provision of a reasonably safe system of working to a competent servant, is responsible for a defect in the system of which he had no knowledgeBreach of Employers Duty. Following the rulings in the Jones and Wilsons cases, it is clear that the football game ennead is under a duty of care to provide Lampost with competent fellow employees, properly maintained identify and facilities, and to provide a safe place and system of work. The question of whether the football fellowship breached that duty of care depends on the tired of care owed by the defendant football federation to its employee and whether it has taken reasonable steps considering the circumstances. (Latimer v A.E.C. Ltd.1953) In Jones, the breach of the employers duty consists in BBCs failure (through its safety crew) to discuss with the cameraman and Jones the gamble of the falling mast and to warn the cameraman and Jones in unequivocal terms that they must not go below it. In Wilsons, the breach by the employer consists of its failure to provide competent fellow employees, properly maintained mine and equipment, and to provide a safe place and system of work. In the case of Lampost, the failure of the football club to provide sufficient number of medical personnel and immediate treatment which caused Lamposts permanent limp and deterioration to play professional football constitutes a breach of the standard care required of the football club. under the circumstances, having only one emergency doctor during a match is far from meeting the reasonable standard of care. First, it can reasonably be expected that injuries are bound to occur in a football match because, by the very nature of the game alone, it is physically strenuous and demanding. Second, it is a mathematical occurrence that the game is played by at least 22 players and having only one doctor during a match clearly does not meet the required standard of care. Third, considering that it was a premiership match, it can reasonably be expected that players are more competitive than usual and thus, injuries are bound to result from th e matches. Hence, the football club should have hired more than one doctor. Moreover, following McDermid v Nash Dredging and Reclamation Co. Ltd. 1987, it can also be inferred that the football club is in breach

Research on Occupy Movement Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

On Occupy Movement - Research Paper ExampleVarious fountainhead known scholars joined in the military campaign such as Peter Funke, Harry Vanden, Ednie Garrison and Robert Benford among others. The border Street became a part of this movement as the organizations located in this financial district vie an important part in the economic crisis of 2008 which marked the Great Recession. The protest is mainly against the richer section of the society. The movement mainly focuses on the slogan, We are the 99%, which refers to the growing disparity of riches in the society in between the richer section of 1% and the rest 99% of the macrocosm. Moreover, they are continuously enhancing their income rates as compared to the stay 99%. Thus, the 1% population holding the 99% of income and wealth are enjoying a much ware lifestyle whereas the living standard of 99% populace is declining (Melendez, Professors Dissect Occupy Movement). In addition, the enceinte recession increased the gap be tween the rich and the poor sections. The 99% of the population faced legion(predicate) problems such as unemployment in spite of having quality degree along with inequality, wage difference and scantness among others. The government of America was neither fair nor sympathetic towards the 99% population of the society. ... The protests are mainly imputable to the inequality, unemployment, low wage, financial crisis and problems related to with basic needs such as food, shelter and health financial aid among others, which are not realized by the richer section. Therefore, the wealthier section of the society is increasing their income rates along with the wealth and thus relishing their lives with great pleasure. On the other side, the poorer section has been the main victim of these circumstances, which is acting as a curse in their life (Hertzberg, Occupational Hazards). Argument and Discussion The occupy movement is the stand gripe against the gap among the 1% and the 99% pop ulace of America. The protest has spread in various places throughout the world very rapidly and has drawn in not only the scholars but also the students and oecumenic individuals as well. The movement included a slogan, which focused mainly on the growingindifferencein the society. The movement highlights the discrepancies such as unemployment, low wages, inequalities, economic migrants, financial crisis as well as problems related to primary needs such as food, shelter and health care. The slogan states that the 99% of the population is durable the pain of lower financial stability as compared to richer individuals. Thus, the problem of unemployment is increasing among the 99% of the general population (Hertzberg, Occupational Hazards). Moreover, they are also facing the problem of unemployment due to recession and economic changes as well. due(p) to these problems the 99% populations are becoming much poorer as compared to the rest 1% of the society. Similarly, on the other si de, the 1% of the remaining population is doubling their income rates along with the wealth and

The perfect aspect of the English language Research Paper

The perfect aspect of the incline language - Research Paper lawsuitThe research took a total of five sources to come up with its findings. Below is a brief translation of the five sources. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax is an online journal that talks about the principles and procedures by which face sentences are constructed. Noam Chomsky is the soulfulness responsible for approach shot up with the journal. Bidirectional Interpretation of Tense and Aspect is also an online journal that describes an screening of theory of contextual interpretation of English filtrate and aspect. Stephen Pulman and James Thomas are responsible for coming up with the journal. Grammatical Aspect in English and Kurdish is a journal regarding the formal properties of English language. The journal states that English aspects refer to reachs and moods in the English language. The journal was written by Saza Ahmed Fakhrie. Understanding English Language Learners is also an online journal that talks of the aspects of the English language. Alicja Rieger is the person responsible for writing the journal. Aspect in English, on the other hand, is a book that typifys a precise approach to one of the most battleful problems in English. According to the book, aspect is the result of a faint and complex interaction between nouns in a sentence and the referents of verbs. In linguistics, the perfect refers to a blend of aspect and tense. Grammar or perfect calls a viewers attention to the consequences, at some moment of perception, caused by a prior condition, rather than just to the condition itself. The moment of perception is set by the tense of the helping verb (Smith 4). The aspect and the tense are usually combined into a sole tense-aspect form. This is the past perfect also referred to as the pluperfect, the sacrifice perfect, or the future perfect (Thomas 2). The perfect is different from the perfective that marks a condition as a single event, with no inner structure. An En glish sentence in the perfect aspect cannot be in the perfective. The perfect can talk about events in the past that have been completed, for voice He has already taken his dinner. The perfect can also talk about events that are continuous, for instance He had been working on this story for a whole year as well as He has composed operas for both decades. All these sentences are described by continual relevance to the storyteller at the moment of perspective. The perfect contrasts with the prospective. The prospective encodes an anticipation of a future event or present relevance event. The perfect is a relatively uniform group of cross-linguists. However, its relation to the experiential and resultative aspects is difficult. The last two are not simply limited cases of the perfect. The perfect in English is formed by conjugating the aide verb to have and adding the verbs past tense form. Doing words in the perfect tense can be in the passive active or voice. Active verbs join to have with the past tense form of the master(prenominal) verb have done, for example, they have done loads of work. Passive verbs in the perfect require at least two past participle verb forms that are been, the past participle of to be, as well as the past tense of the main verb has been seen. For instance, Allan has been seen by the physician. The joining of the verb to have establishes the tense of the overall construction. These can be concluded as

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 33

Discussion - Coursework ExampleIn this regards, APNs play a key division in enhancing EBP adoption as it remains more as an ideal rather than a domain in many clinical care setting.In my unit, an advanced practice nurse is important in enhancing the adoption of evidence-based practice through facilitating the appropriate organizational culture and leadership. It is crucial for the unit to appoint leaders and staff that recognize and value evidence-based practice and research utilization in improving care provision. This behind be further achieved by educating the staff on the importance of EBP utilization and possible ways of adoption. Facilitation and actualize in the process are also crucial. Thus, an advanced practice nurse has a use of goods and services in ensuring that the necessary resources and conditions are available to attain success in the unit. This includes the provision of the appropriate time of practicing EBP and ensuring that the countervail number of staff (s taffing) are available in enhancing the process. Moreover, the advanced practice nurse has a role in enhancing further research in my unit to determine any additional factors that may decide or facilitate the adoption of EBP. Advanced practice nurse have been noted to be on the frontline of utilizing EBP in the clinical setting in promoting the patients safety and their knowledge is crucial in promoting such practices among opposite teams such as my unit (Gerrish et al., 2012).Fagerstrm, L., & Glasberg, A. L. (2011). The first evaluation of the advanced practice nurse role in Finland - the perspective of nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 19, 925932. doi10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01280.xGerrish, K., Nolan, M., Mcdonnell, A., Tod, A., Kirshbaum, M., & Guillaume, L. (2012). Factors Influencing Advanced employ Nurses Ability to Promote Evidence-Based Practice among Frontline Nurses. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 9, 3039.

U02d1 Adult Learner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U02d1 Adult Learner - Essay ExampleThe research agnomen has been developed to take away the meaning of adults.I have entered adulthood and I have an interest to learn about the adulthood stages of development. This assignment allows us to take a brief peek at what the future holds for us. There are several different ways of looking at the term aging. A few muckle take to the woods to quantify aging in ground of numbers in terms of years. Others express aging in terms of the biological changes that an individual goes through (Stagesoflife, 2009). Another way of quantifying aging involves the social changes that occur in a persons lives. As discussed earlier, any person goes through numerous changes and these changes in terms of biological, physical, mental, and social changes according to me form the actual meaning of adulthood and aging (Piccini, 2008).The study aims at gaining an settle to the question What does adult mean? In a case like this I would suggest the title as S tages of Life A Longitudinal Study to understand Adulthood. The main reason to submit a longitudinal study has been chosen for the research as it allows a study of the same people across the period of their life span. It also allows the researcher to study the behavioral aspects and measure the differences at every stage (Thomas K. Burdenski, 2002). I prefer to use the longitudinal research regularity over the cross sectioned research or any other type of research, as the here I get a chance to study an individual over time and also allows me to understand why a contingent thing is happening. The longitudinal study allows the researcher to touch upon various aspects of life which could have otherwise been mixed-up out in any other form of study. Hence the study title and this choice of method are preferred for the study (Other Free Encyclopedias, 2009).Being a part of an Adult Development bleed allows me to get my basics right in terms of aging and

Cheating and plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cheating and plagiarism - Essay ExampleIt is therefore, important to give their meaning in order to fully understand their difference. Cheating is a broad term that is used to describe doings that is characterised by any of the following elements being dishonesty, mendacious or unfaithful where an individual intentionally uses falsehoods that be unacceptable to conglomerate advantage over other people. On the other hand, plagiarism is loosely be as the act of stealing or using other peoples ideas without properly acknowledging them. This is a form of cheating but is mainly focused on the area of academic work in schools or colleges. As going to be highlighted in detail below, the main difference between the deuce is that cheating is intentional in most cases and is a broad term while plagiarism whitethorn be unintentional and is particularly limited to academic circles.As noted above, when one is being untruthful or unfaithful to other people, it tail end be said that the perso n is cheating. Having extra marital personal business or being adulterous is another form of cheating that has gained considerable concern from the members of society peculiarly during this current period. For instance, a married person who indulges in adulterous behaviour is likely to cause passage of arms if the unsuspecting partner discovers the bad behaviour of the other partner. Socially, it is generally agreed that cheating behaviour is not a good thing to partners who love each other as this is likely to cause misunderstandings that can lead to the disintegration of that relationship. Such behaviour is outside the generally acceptable rules or societal standards of living(a) and the judgment given to the people who are caught on the wrong side of the rules depends on the nature of the discourtesy and the rules of the society.In some instances, people tend to use falsehoods or deception in order to gain advantage over

Contemporary Management issue (Tom's of Maine) Essay

Contemporary Management issue (Toms of Maine) - Essay ExampleBusiness has its induce ethics. Ferrell et al state that business ethics comprises the principles and standards that guide behaviour in the world of business (2009).This root will examine the ethical matters that differentiated Toms of Maine from other businesses. It would examine the dominant theories that affected the way Toms of Maine and similarly identify the different dilemmas that Toms of Maine went through. The paper will examine the important activities that influenced the companys ethical affairs. The report concludes by making findings and recommendations on this subject.The story of Toms of Maine is such that the company started with a modest belief that was based on the views and fuddled beliefs of the founder and his wife that people must be more responsible for their actions and how they use natural resources.Toms of Maine was steeped in two things humanitarianism and environmental consciousness. In terms of humanitarianism, they believed strongly that the members of the public needed to be give the proper products that would boost their health and ease their conscience. People who purchased their products felt that they were helping to promote a soma of business that is responsible.In terms of environmental consciousness, the company used operational systems that were very responsible. They were sensitive to animals and withal conscious of the systems and production they had. Also, the company used popular methods like recycling and other things.There argon several ethical frameworks that nooky be used to help in decision making and thinking before any action is taken. There are several approaches which are always applied and they can give a view of how to decide on a matter.Deontological Ethics are based on duties and obligations that apply, for the most part, regardless of consequences (Thompson, 2011 54). Deontological ethics suggest that what is

Grades Encourage People to Learn Essay Example for Free

Grades Encourage People to Learn EssayGrades encourage people to learn TOPIC 5 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades encourage students to learn. Use specific reasons and examples to apply your opinion. As we all know, in the civilize, people use grades to evaluate the result of studying process. And it is clear to moderate that grades encourage students to learn so much. Because it back ups students have a specific target, know what their strength and weakness argon and try to learn to get benefits that high-pitched grades bring to them. First of all, the most important thing when you work to do something is that you have to make your own goal. Knowing clearly/obviously What you want to achive forget help you get/make a clear plan about what you have to do. In the school, the grades play a role as that goal. Once you had a specific purpose you will try your best to drop dead it. (example ? ) Secondly, the second, because grades are used to evalua te your academic result, you will have a/an overview about what subjects you are sound at or bad at. This will be useful for you to pay more attention to which split you are not so good to improve them.Finally, when you get/obtain high grades in the school you will have a chance to get a good job. When you apply for a job, recruiters commonly look at your CV including your academic result first to make a decision if they will give you an interview. The grade is a standar to determine your ability in gaining and understanding new knowledge. So high grades help you have a good quality in otherseyes. In conclusion, grades help students make an sound approach of studying. Besides, good grades bring students many benefits. That is why grades encourge students to learn so much.

Youth Culture Case Study & Play as the Childs Work Essay Example for Free

Youth burnish Case Study Play as the Childs Work EssayAlmost every era has seen the return of juvenility sub-cultures specific to that time and place, socio-economic factors, geographical location and ideologies. Youth sub-culture could be said to be split up of the centering many juvenile people connect to and take part in society.Most youth sub-cultures share common features such as distinctive dress styles, behaviours, medication, appearance as well as shared interests and beliefs but the specifics of each youth sub-culture is unique to that group of individuals, for example the difference between Punks and in the raw Romantics. Poverty in 1960s Kingston, Jamaica saw the ontogenesis of the youth street culture, uncouth Boys. The name derives from a slang word for wicked in Jamaica, used to describe the anti-social behaviour of the individual who identified with the sub-culture.The sub-culture was a lot associated with fierceness and delinquency that was present in the aftermath of independence and lack of employment opportunities for young people. construction discontent and bitterness led to hostility and fighting as a way of expression for the yokelish boys. Many youth sub-cultures according to Cohen (1955), arise when people with similar problems get together to look for solutions (Gallacher Kehily 2013).inside the sub-culture much of the music either promoted or rejected rude boy violence and so come along sub-cultures became apparent. On the one hand some recording artists tried to persuade young people to be less combative, such as Stranger Coles 1962 Ruff and Tough where he sings put ont bite the hand that feed you versus the 1967 recording Tougher than Tough by the Heptones which declared rudies dont fear, tougher than tough, rougher than rough, strong akin lion, we are iron. Lyrically the songs reflected the social conscious of the times and motivated people to take action. underbred boys work distinctive stylised features su ch as their appearance, indicative of the significance of modal value. Suits, thin ties and hats (taken from the movie gangster image of the time) often based on a black and white two tone design, as shown in the illustration below. The style was seen as edgy with an emphasis on masculinity appearance was important.The preponderating musical influences of the sub-culture were a mix of big band and Mento, which was a fusion of African style music played in the West Indies. This gave way later to Ska and Rocksteady, which was based on a blended put to work of reggae, jazz and blues. A very rhythmic music with a steady off beat, the characteristic dance is one of stepping whilst keeping a straight back, rocking/punching arms side to side, the origins of which come from Rudes stabbing a rival. This way of dancing is referred to as skankingan immediately identifiable part of the sub-culture.Rude influenced British youth culture by dint of immigration and in terms of music and fashi on, but not so much the violence associated with its ahead of time origins. Young people adopted the music and fashion style of Rude boys and 1970s Britain saw a Rude boys revival with the creation of bands such as the specials and the beat. The music and fashion became the primary focus for young people belonging to this exciting, upbeat sub culture. This youth sub-culture became known as two-tone, named after the integrated bi-racial youth that created it.The original rudes youth sub-culture was symbolic of the tormented, unemployed young population of Jamaica and its emergence in multicultural Britain as a dangerous and edgy, anti-mainstream movement made it extremely exciting to young people. As Wayne Hemmingway says in the Don Letts subculture series of documentaries, it was everything British youth culture wanted to be (Skinhead and Rude-boy Culture, 2012).The Rude Boy culture has contributed significantly overall to popular music culture and its historical impact been famed as such by the media. However, back in the 1960s the media berated the youth culture because of its association with violence and anti-social behaviour. Realisation that ska music with its fast tempo and powerful lyrics had a part to play in the aggressive identity that Rudies adopted, so responsibility fell on the artists to influence a more peaceful climb up to the culture and with a slower tempo and more anti-violent lyrics. Nicholas Stambuli 2011, points out As much as ska had influenced these cultures, it as well as had the ability to change them.The Rude boy culture was a community based on a common interest and a source of inspiration for the oppressed this symbolism and historical meaning has been wooly-minded in subsequent years and whilst the culture does not exist in the format I have outlined above, the music, dancing, fashion of that culture is still relevant today.

Prevention and Crisis Intervention Essay Example for Free

Pr topicion and Crisis Intervention Es tell apartA crisis can be a terrible burden on any individual that has or is crucifixion by dint of one a crisis can leave a person with a great give egress of anxiety and stress. As a crisis intervention worker it is my responsibility to at least try to benefactor those that come into my office. Most that do come to me ar going through a crisis of some gracious or an other(a) and need to work through it. To cooperate them work through their crisis I stick that the rudiment exercise of Crisis Intervention is a great asset. The ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is an effective prelude because I can provide temporary immediate relief. A crisis can be difficult to mend to a greater extentover there are three inhering parts for a worker to look for slice working with a client to define if they are in or assume been in a crisis. These parts are 1) a precipitating event 2) a perception of the event that causes subjective inconven ience and 3) the failure of a persons usual coping methods which causes a person experiencing the precipitating event to function at a lower level than before the event (Kanel, 2007).I should similarwise off sure to use this three parted definition of a crisis only as guidelines, a crisis should be identified for each client on an individual basis. The originator I f either out the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention so useful is because it provides me with the guidelines to help the client overcome their crisis. The ABC Model can also be broken d avouch into three heads (A) Building rapport (B) Identifying the problem and (C) Coping (Kanel, 2007). My goal is to help the clients change their perceptions of the crisis and assimilate the precipitating event into their daily lives. By doing so we can ensure that they slide by and/ or gain ego strength and eliminate the possibility that they take away up stakes become crisis prone. Today I will be working with a new client named J ill who has come to me seeking help as so many other clients have. Jill informs me that she works long hours and is tired by the time she gets home.She goes on to say that she is usually too tired for intercourse and that because of her lack of sexual responsiveness her maintain gets angry. Jill states that he sometimes gets so angry that he does things to her that provokes fear in her. She is even afraid that her husband will find out that she has come to me today for help. The very chicken feeding time thing I did when Jill came into my office was to start the first stage of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention. This stage, stage A, is about building rapport and can be considered the first appearance of the therapeutic encounter (Kanel, 2007). First off I informed Jill of her confidentiality so that I may start to gain her trust. I need to gain her trust so that I may be competent to help her help herself. Once she does start to feel rapport and begin to trust me indeed she will become more open to me, allowing the interview to proceed. I tried to be careful with my attending skills so that I could convey to Jill that I was actually listening to her and was here for her.I used the SOLER method to distinguish my nonverbal behavior so that I presented a receptive presence. SOLER refers to (S) Squaring off (O) Open posture (L) controversy in (E) centre contact (R) Relaxed (Cameron, 2008). By that I mean that I sat Square with Jill slice keeping an Open posture and Leaning in slightly I also kept Eye contact and held a Relaxed natural posture. Using the SOLER method alone is not enough so I also was careful with my facial expressions, hand gestures and other body movements as well. Even after cosmos careful on how I act myself I was also careful to observe Jills nonverbal communication. Another main perspective was my listening skill I listened to everything she said and how she said it. The demonstration of attending, discover and listening skills has an impact on effective reflective verbal responses (Cameron, 2008). Paraphrasing, questioning, observation and summarization are all important aspects that cannot be performed properly without the skills I mentioned. After I had established rapport with Jill and ensured that we had a reciprocative relationship I was then fitting to move on to the adjoining phase.Stage B of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is mainly focused virtually identifying the problem. This can be considered the nearly crucial aspect of the ABC Model for providing therapeutic interaction. Identifying the precipitating event is important but exploring the clients perceptions and cognitions are even more important. If I was to actually help Jill then I had to find out her thoughts and feelings revolving around the office. I already know that Jill is scared of her husband and that he does stuff to her when she does not respond the musical mode he wants sexually. But now that I have gained Jills t rust and we have moved into the B phase I can now get more specific. I decided to start out with some open-ended questions so that I was capable to guide the conversation but also allow her take over talking.After the opening question I posed I was then able to tie all of my other questions to what Jill had just said. My reasoning for this is because when a question is posed effectively essential randomness can be better gathered (Kanel, 2008). In addition to posing my questions the best I could I also made sure to paraphrase throughout the interview. Paraphrasing is very useful because it helps me crystallize what my clients have said. It is smart to clarify so that not only you know that you understand what the client has said but also so that they know you understand. I find it vital that the client knows that I really do let on what they are saying and that I want to understand. Clients can feel comfortable knowing that individual is there for them and can be encouraged to continue on. Not only is paraphrasing important but reflection is also valuable no matter what part of the interview process you are in.I had to let Jill know that I understand that she is scared and that I was willing to help her work through her feelings. Jill unavoidable to tell someone that she was scared and knowing that I validated that feeling made her feel more powerful. By being able to express their own feelings clients are then more able to perform those feelings and express them in a more positive manner (Kanel, 2007). Knowing that I was there to hear what she had to say and to accept her feelings Jill was able to feel more comfortable talking. The reason that all of that is so important is because we need to identify the clients perception of the event. The perception of the event is by far the most crucial because it can be most easily and quickly altered (Kanel, 2007). By knowing how the Jill sees the concomitant and knowing how she feels I can then reframe. Refram ing is aimed to change the internal cognitive experience of the client at once the current cognitions are known (Kanel, 2007).Instead of letting her believe she is weak for being scared I reframed Jills situation that she is strong for seeking my help today. Reframing is considered part of therapeutic interaction, which helped me aid Jill, as with my other clients, in thought process differently about the situation. I used validation and support statements as well, making known Jill that it was okay for her to be scared and that she is not alone. Further I used educational statements because providing factual information is vital in every crisis (Kanel, 2007). Lastly with the therapeutic interactions I tried use empowering statements so that I could encourage Jill. My main goal was to inform Jill that she is not powerless but that she does have control in her life. Another important aspect that I conducted throughout the B phase was making ethical checks. I had to find out if Jil l was vulnerable to suicide and also if she has any homicidal tendencies toward her husband. I also had to establish with Jill if she has been diagnosed with any mental or emotional problems. Finding out any medications that she was currently taking was my next step.I had to check for substance use and/ or abuse as well, which I did so by using my questioning and probing abilities. The last part of the B phase is summarization which was helpful in allowing me to sum up the interview thus far. The key purpose of summarization is to help the client pull their thoughts together (Kanel, 2007). I also had to make sure that I understood everything Jill said correctly and to clarify anything misinterpretations. Summarizing also helped me make a smooth transition into the next phase of the ABC Model. I was able to gather together everything that Jill and I have discussed and start in on the coping. Coping is the C stage of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention and is the last step of the pr ocess. I started out by asking Jill how she has been relations with the whole situation thus far. I informed Jill that I needed to know everything that she has been doing whether it has been helpful or not. I had to let her know that crying, sleeping, talking, and even eating can be considered coping.Jill explained to me more about the situation and what she has done to try to make herself feel better. While Jill was informing me of past and current coping methods I was careful to make mental lists of what seemed to work and what did not. Eliciting unhealthy attempts at coping was especially valuable for Jill. The reason for this is because she was became aware of her behavior she was then more open to alternative methods. I knew that Jill would be more probable to follow through with a plan she has developed herself (Kanel, 2007). This is when I decided to encouraged Jill to start thinking of new and better coping methods. After Jill expressed her own ideas I decided I would then propose some suggestions of other ways of coping. My first suggestion was to contact the authorities about the things her husband does to her. I informed her that there are multiple support groups available to her no matter her choices on.I also let Jill know that if she wanted to try to work things out then marital therapy could be an option for them. Jill was very attentive when I listed different places that could help her and her husband if they wanted to try. Alternatively I suggested different shelters and agencies that she could seek out if she so wished to. With all of the suggested places I offered I was sure to present them in written form as well for her convenience. Clients that feel overwhelmed are more likely to follow through with a referral when it is presented in written form with choices, addresses, phone numbers and fees (Kanel, 2007). I also thought that Jill could do well some bibliotherapy and Reel therapy I suggested a handful of books and movies that she may be able to tint to.Lastly I suggested that Jill keep a journal and write in it as often as possible and that she may share it with me if she wishes. By now the session was coming to a close and I started to summarize everything we have discussed including the coping methods. I knew that Jill was scared but I informed her that I would like her to commit to trying some new coping methods. When Jill agreed that she would do so I then asked her to be sure to follow up with me at some point. I wanted to help Jill and I really do hope the best for her. But unfortunately the choice of bettering her situation lies in her own hands and she must make the ultimate choice.ReferencesCameron, H. (2008). The Counseling Interview A Guide for Helping Professions. sensitive York, NY Palgrave MacMillian. Kanel, K. (2007). A Guideline to Crisis Intervention (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA Thomas Brooks/Cole.

The Odyssey in Comparison With “My Father on His Shield” Essay Example for Free

The Odyssey in Comparison With My Father on His Shield EssayOften in literature, writers unintentionally create works that tie very well with one another. Two works that have-to doe with well are The Odyssey by Homer, translated by Robert Fizgerald, and My Father on His Shield, by Walt McDonald. While McDonalds poetry underscores the tone of mourning and sorrow by the main computer address, Homers work elucidates the tone of fretfulness and hurt.As previously stated, the tone of McDonalds poem, My Father on His Shield is one of mourning and grief. The vocalizer of the poem is grieving his find who he lost to battle and experiences struggles in coping with it all. McDonalds detail about the sled mentioned in the poem reflect the closeness that was once there between the speaker and his start out, in addition to the level of importance the speakers father had in his life. The use of choice of row by McDonald also emphasizes the speakers mourning, often accompanied by nos talgia, by implicating the repetition of the words I remember throughout the poem.This constant remembrance expresses the speakers difficulty coming to price with his fathers death. In contrast with McDonalds poem, Homers work, The Odyssey, exhibits a tone change more with animus and heartache rather than the previous, more somber and mournful feel. The main character, thus far, is named Telemakhos. The characters father has been gone for human racey years without returning or sending whatever messages, create the boy and his mother to wonder whether he has died, or if he is gone because he does not conjure to return. By the use of detail, readers are able to find out that as a result of his fathers extended absence, a number of suitors have begun to take free reign over their cornerstone and all of their property, seeking to marry the possible widow. Homer uses diction in order to indicate the Telemoakhos animosity towards his fatherFriend, let me put it in the plainest way . My mother says I am his son I roll in the hay notsurely.Who has known his own engendering? I wish at least I had some happy man as afather,growing old in his own house unknown death and silence are the passel of him that, sinceyou ask, they call my father. (Homer 8) Telemakhos is saying that although his mother and everyone say Odysseus is his father, he does not feel that way because he lacks any memory of him. He wishes he could have his father in his life, and is bothered by the fact he hasnt the slightest bit of knowledge in regards to the whereabouts of his father.Telemakhos and the speaker in the poem by McDonald share comparable experiences. They both are dealing with the absence of their fathers who both partook in the military. However, the speaker in the poem really knows for a fact his father has died, which may be why he copes with the lack of a father better than Telemakhos, solely because he does not need to question whether or not his father isnt in his life du e to sheer carelessness. Because Telemakhos hasnt the faintest idea of his fathers whereabouts, he is in search for closure, not only for himself, but for his mother and property being destroyed by the risky suitors. Their circumstances are what control the tone in their dialog, allowing the reader to feel the same things the speakers are feeling.

Language Use in Kaskus Essay Example for Free

Language Use in Kaskus EssayA. BACKGROUND OF THE compositionComputer-mediated communicating refers to some(prenominal) course of communication enabled through the use of computers. In the computer-mediated communication literature, the term broadly speaking refers to communication modalities dependent on computer-based nedeucerks or meta-networks, particularly the Internet and commercial online services.Language plays an important mathematical function in the communication activities in the computer-mediated communication. The dustup itself is apply by people as a communication tool. Specifically, as i mentioned above that computer mediated communication (CMC) is intimately anything(communication) that use computer as a media to transfer training, to talk with early(a)(a) persons, to discuss issues or something like that. While we know that on CMC, for right now net in succeed with its world wide web (network) is the notwithstanding tool and the only delegacy to get connected with others, i dont see any alternative beside internet.In internet t here atomic number 18 many people with different phrase background, different social background and of programme different horticulture and manners. Whats become my curiousity is how people with these so many differences public lecture and discussing to each others, how butt end they understand each others without being rude to others. But im not going to beam a linguistic research of language use in the internet generally globally, because there has been a lot of research on this subject. But, what becomes my interest is how indonesian people with different social and culturul background talking and disccussing a crimpic in Kaskus, one of the biggest and largest online forum in Indonesia.Kaskus, with much than two millions users from all oer indonesia is a populer online service to discuss and to sell products. Kaskus has an easypeasy access, has a sermon thread about about everything like com puter, books, entertainment and many more. Kaskus user are from all everyplace indonesia which feed different culture and social background, in this case some metres user doesnt pay attention to the forum rules, nettiquette and sometimes being sarcastic, ive found this several time in kaskus. This case indicating that some of user do not know the nettiquete and language rules used in kaskus forum. So why im here try to observe and doing a research on how kaskuser (kaskus user) use the language, what style are used, and what kind of expressions in kaskus forum that is used to show respect, manners, and and self expressions like anger, happy etc.B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMFrom the appellation and the background of the study i formulate the research questions as follows 1. What are the general forum rules employ in kaskus?2. How far kaskuser pay attention to the forum rules in discussion thread?3. What are the form of languages style used in kaskus?4. What are the center of those language expressions/style?5. Who use the language? The gender, the age.C. manipulation OF THE STUDYThis research is aimed to gather information about the language use in kaskus forum, especially how those language are used to express manner and ethical relations between the kaskuser.D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe meaning of this research is to bring a information to enrich the linguistic analysis in indonesia especially in computer-mediated communication subject. This research is also will be useful for those who use internet as a communcation tool generally and for kaskuser who love to join discussion in kaskus so they are will neer again feel worried about being rude to others, bacause this research will bring them information how to use the language properly and how to communicate ethically to othersE. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONThe research is limited only on the language use, the style and the way kaskuser interact with others, the researcher will not analysis where the language comes from and how the language changed.CHAPTER IITHEORITICAL FRAMEWORKA. INTERNETInternet, according to Merriam Webster Dictionaries is an electronic communication network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world.B. KASKUSKaskus is an Indonesian internet forum site which claims itself as the largest Indonesian online community. It ranks as the top 10 most popular website in Indonesia (weasel al-Qurans), positioning at 241 worldwide according to Alexa.com. It was established on November 6, 1999, by three Indonesian students (Andrew Darwis, Ronald Stephanus, and Budi Dharmawan) in the United States. In August 2012, Kaskus has more than 4,000,000 registered accounts and more than 650,000,000 thoroughgoing posts. In August 2005 and September 2006, PC Magazine Indonesia voted Kaskus as The Best Indonesian communities twice (2005 2006). fitting is required for new users to participate in the community, and every registered member has ac cess to more than twenty regional and subject-related sub-forums. The community runs on the vBulletin forum software.C. NETTIQUETECyberspace contains many different cultures, which some writers have called virtual communities. from each one of these communities has its own rules and customs. But many rules apply throughout almost all of cyberspace and the rules of internet is called nettiquete. Nettiquete comes from book of account Internet and Etiqutte. Virginia Shea Stated that The word etiquette means the forms required by good breeding or impose by authority to be required in social or official tone. Etymologically, it comes from the French word for ticket. If you know the etiquette for a particular group or society, youhave a ticket for entry into it. (Virginia Shea,1994)D. COMPUTER-MEDIATED communicating1. Computer mediated communication (CMC) involves exchanges of information in textual, audio, and/or video formats that are transmitted and controlled by the use of compute r and telecommunication technology. It must be observe that CMC is the basis of interpersonal interaction via groupware systems. An kindle definition of CMC is given by December (1997) Computer- liaise Communication is a process of humankind communication via computers, involving people, find out in particular contexts, engaging in processes to shape media for a variety of purposes. 2. Chrispin Thurlow, laura lengel and Alice Tomic (2004) define Computer Mediated Communication into 3 cores a. CommunicationWhile trying to ground CMC into a proper understanding we have to know what exactly is communication. * Communication is dynamic, One of the most well known ways of thinking about communication is the idea of a sender, a message and a receiver, in computer terms, might be regarded as an information-processing perspective. Instead, communication is better understood as a process which is much more dynamic. The meaning of messages does not reside in words, but is much more flui d and dependent on the context, unsteady constantly from place to place, from person to person, and from moment to moment. * Communication is transactional, Even though people still sometimes like to think of communication as the exchange of messages between senders and receivers, communication is really about the dialog of meaning between people. Individuals are both speakers and listeners and these roles switch back and forth all the time in any one conversation.Once again, this also means that communication is constantly changing as two (or more) people interpret each other and are influenced by what the other says. In other words, its a transaction between them. Most theorists would agree that communication simply wadnot happen outside human social interaction. It is really only when someone recognizes and/or responds to something you say or do that communication can be said to have occurred. * Communication is multifunctional, Consciously or unconsciously, communication serv es many different functions and ordinarilyserves more than one function at any given time. For example, communication whitethorn be used to influence peoples behavior or attitudes, to inform people, to seek information, to exert control over people, to befriend or seduce people, to entertain and please people, and so on.Although for the sake of analytical convenience, scholars do sometimes distinguish between the interactional (or relationship-focused) and informational (or content-focused) do of imports of communication, its ordinarily impossible to separate the two. Think about celebrated chat-up lines like Can I buy you a drink? or Do you have the time? Although both appear to seek information, the intention is clearly relational * Communication is multimodal, However important it whitethorn be, language is of course just one of many ways we have of communicating.Verbal messages forever and a day come packaged with other messages (or metamessages) formed by different ways of making meaning what are usually called nonverbal modes of communication. In circumstance, more often than not it is these other modes of communication which are relied on more than the verbal mode. The best example of this is when someone is lying to us Look me in the eye and consecrate me you didnt do it The range of nonverbal codes is vast and accounts for much of the social information we glean forthright (e.g. tone of voice, accent, volume, pauses), movement (e.g. facial expression, gestures, posture), physical appearance (e.g. height, weight, skin colour), artefacts (e.g. lighting, dcor, fashion), and use of space (e.g. luggage compartment orientation, touch, distance).b. MediatedDepending on how much we already know about human communication, we will more than likely know that all communication is mediated to some extent or other. According to Chambers twenty-first Century Dictionary, the verb to mediate means to convey or transmit something or to act as a medium for some thing. In turn, a medium is something by which, or through which, an effect is produced. In other words, mediation is simply the process or means by which something is transmitted whether its a message, a feeling, a sound, or a ghostly apparition In the case of communication, weve already indicated that communication is always channelled by, and dependent on, its context for meaning.Communication is therefore mediated through our interactions with people and by means of any number of different verbal and nonverbalmodes. Communication can never exist in a vacuum.We will probably have heard about the phrase channels of communication. These can be social (or cultural), psychological (or mental), linguistic (or symbolic) or material (or technical). Its in this way that scholars usually range several layers of contextual variables which influence or mediate communication. Broadly speaking these fall into three main categories psychological, e.g. our perceptions, mental maps, and pro totypes social, e.g. our relationships, stereotypes, and individual experiences cultural, e.g. the myths and ideologies of whole societies of people.c. ComputerHaving confronted the relative complexity of the terms communication and mediated, it may disappointing to know that even the term computer cannot be taken for granted. Almost everything nowadays involves computers in some way or other, and, consequently, almost everything we do is in some way or other mediated by computers. Think, for example, of the digital technology which drives our telephone exchanges, brings television channels into our homes, tells us the time, and so on. Whats more, with such things as video conferencing, webcams and voice recognition, technological changes are taking us adjacent and nearer to the kind of face-to-face (or just FtF) communication weve been used to all along. Its in this way that the computerization, which drives so many areas of our lives, is becoming more and more invisible. Indeed, Pixy Ferris (1997) previously proposed that CMC should also be broad enough to include office automation, (Chrispin Thurlow, laura lengel and Alice Tomic 2004)CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGYA. RESEARCH APPROACH AND DESIGNThe reseacher use soft discriptive aproach. Qualitative research refers to inductive, holistic, emic, subjective and process oriented methods used to understand, interpret, describe and develop theory on a phenomenon or a setting and is a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning (Morse Field 1996199 Burns Grove 199835). Brink and Wood (1998335) cite Benoliels (1984) definitionof qualitative research as modes of systematic inquiry concerned with understanding human beings and the nature of their proceeding with themselves and with their surroundings. Leininger (19855) defines qualitative research as the methods and techniques of observing, documenting, analysing, and interpreting attributes, patterns, characteristi cs and meanings of specific, contextual or gestalt features of a phenomenon.B. DATA assembling1. Data SourceThe information is mainly taken from discussion thread in kaskus, like discussion thread, results of observations etc.2. Instrument of Collecting Data* Doing observations* Interview (By Chating and PM or Private Message)* Making a Poll or Voting* Taking screenshot/ image* QuestionaireC. DATA ANALYSISThe entropy will be analyzed using Miles and Huberman Theories where there are 3 Steps in ana lyzing the data 1. Data Reduction.The data that has been collected from observations, questionaire and interviews are selected and sorted. The data that can represents the theme of the research will be analyzed.2. Data introductionThe data will be displayed after getting a summarizing. In data display the data that have been reducted then will be compressed, organized without risking the loss of information.3. Drawing and veryfying conclssionThe reasons for reducing and displaying data are to assist in drawing conclussions. While drawing conclussions logically follows reduction and display of data, in fact it takes place more or less concurrently with them. Thus possible conclussions may be noted early in the analysis, but they may be vague and ill-formed at this stage. They are held provisionary pending further work, and have been analysed. Conclussions will be in the form ofpreposistions, and once they have been drawn, the data need to be verified.D. EXAMPLE OF DATA SAMPLE1. Red Font Colour2. The Using of heavy(p) Letters3. Kaskus emoticon4. Kaskus TermsLike Agan, Bata, Cendol, SundulREFERENCES* http//kaskus.co.id* Creswell, J. W. 2003. Research Design Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE. Thousand Oaks. USA. * Thurlow, Crispin. Lengel, Laura. Tomic, Alice. 2004 Computer Mediated Communicatio (Social interaction and The Internet). SAGE. Thousand Oaks. USA. * Shea, Virginia. 2004. Netiqutte. Albions Books, USA

The Chapters of my Grandmothers Life Essay Example for Free

The Chapters of my Grandmothers Life EssayAn amazing, sharp completely young at heart woman who has aged with complete grace and honesty this is my grandmother, Gloria Whelan. I arrive at dozens of perfectly clear memories from my childhood that would not be the same without her. I invite always respected, admired, and attempted to pursue the astonishing way she has woven her faith and love into every grimace of her life. My grandmother recently had her eightieth birthday and is currently living in Northern Michigan with her maintain Joseph. She has enjoyed a rewarding and successful career as a childrens author, and is swell respected by her husband, friends, peers, and family. Her life, uniform many of her books, can be divided into chapters and the occasional picture that combine to paint the portrait of a truly remarkable woman. As we open the book of my grandmothers life, we see it began with a comfortable lifestyle, growing up as an only child. This was quickly catap ulted into a much more meager living along with both families of America as the Great Depression struck.Her father lost(p) every function he had, and her family was forced to move into flatcar housing owned by her uncle. Everyone in her extended family had experienced a similar horrible deprivation and my grandmother prove herself living amongst all her aunts and uncles. As an only child, she unconsciously seemed to fall into the roles of hero and lost child, diving into books in her spare time by always aiming high to reach her goals. Her relatives took on the mascot roles where holes had been leftover by the lack of siblings and she recalls many of their quirks or family humor from parties.The reality and difficulty of their loss was an incredible pack to her parents, and my grandmother felt that this affected her greatly. It caused to her always appreciate what she had, not only in terms of fiscal value but also in terms of strong faith, hope for the future, family suppor t, and good relationships. She always regretted not having a sibling, especially during these rough times where she found herself surrounded mostly by adults.During grade school, she fabricated she had an older brother, and even named him Lancelot Reginald Bartholomew which obviously displays her creativity and love for imagination at an early age. Another thing that my grandmother regrets deeply was her parents being so overprotective. As an only child, it can be judge that parents are more defensive however, my grandmothers parents did not allow her to participate in any physical activities, by herself or with other children. She was not allowed to bike, skate, or swim, and as a result never learned to how to do these seemingly universal activities.She feels that sports and exercise are important to social development and confidence as well as a sense of belonging with peers. At the young age of eight my grandmother came overthrow with rheumatic fever which had her bedridden fo r a full year. Obviously, for an eight-year-old this is a very traumatic feat, which my grandmother found herself overcoming by diving into books. It was the beginning of a love that led to her career far before she could have guessed. It also allowed for introspective, personal time, which likely led to her great understanding of herself and others.

Digital Smell Technology Essay Example for Free

Digital Smell Technology EssayWe all are aware about todays engineering science evidence, how far it resembles with our day to day life. Everything around us is changing so rampantly. Basics needs in this era of engine room are not just limited to three i.e. food, shelter and clothes, people are expecting a lot than this three basic one. If you observe carefully technology mainly focused on our sense of sight and sound, you will find it more interesting and incredible. Now its time to tot up one more sense into the list and that is nose and tough. We all are very quantize with the online shop through internet, while buying virtually product on the internet we can see the work out of the product. This online shopping is just limited for some products like clothes, mobiles etc. But now you can buy those products which have smell like perfumes, cakes etc. Anything which you will decide to buy from its smell. Means you will be able to smell the object just sitting in front of your computer by exploitation this digital smell technology. Now you might be thinking that how it will be possible ?.calcium based Dig scents Inc. has developed this technology. A small whatchamacallit connects through your computer or laptop computer via serial port and has its own driver which produces the smell related to your product in your room. The idea of this technology came from one perfume making company for the advertisement of his perfumes products. This digital smell technology can be used for the security purpose in public places like theaters or some auditorium etc for detecting the unexpended flavor of some explosive materials.There is USB pull which need to connect to your computer via. USB device is called ismell. Which strike some chemicals to produce the all types fragrance using different combinations. For each smell there is some code for respective smell. When user click on that product link client requestthe ismell device and the device recognized the coding according to that the respective smell will be escaped from the device and spread into the room.

The Degrading of Women Essay Example for Free

The Degrading of Women EssayIn the 16th century, one of the last things anyone wants to be is a fe potent. devastation-to-end the play, it is evident that the role of a womanhood is burdensome. There is a set perception of a perfective aspect woman, and only those depicting these characteristics are accepted by society. In The Taming of the Shrew era, a womans opinion is neer valued, there is a class gap between males and females men are born with a higher(prenominal) rank -, and women are often seen, and are treated, as pieces of property. A womans opinion is not valued in the least and others always make decisions for her against her will.Throughout the male society, there are mental expectations as to how a woman should behave. These standards, although not written in concrete, are expected of all women. Not only is the male society aware of these expectations, scarce the females are as well, and they often live to meet these expectations. In the play, Katherina vocaliz es the origination of these expectations they are bound to serve, love, and obey (V, II, 164). In this quote, they refers to women, and bound is a very interesting word to give in this context.This is only one example of the thousands on how a womans opinion is not acknowledged. A woman is not only deprived of making her opinions heard, but they are bound to listen to, accept, and to honour a mans beliefs. In this case, the males viewpoint is that a woman is obliged to love, to serve, and to obey. Men even go as faraway as to decide a womans future husband. Not only is her voice not heard, she is change make to the wealthiest bidder by none other than her own father. This is evident in the play as Baptista auctions his daughter off, awaiting the highest bid. inwardness you gentlemen I will compound this strife. Tis deeds essential win the prize, and be of both That can chequer my daughter greatest dower Shall have my Biancas love. (II, I, 333-336) This is a clear indication that a woman is sold off to whomever can offer the most for her. It should be of no surprise that more(prenominal) times than other the woman is not always satisfied with the decision. As Katherina so aptly puts it No shame but mine, I must, forsooth, be forcd / To give my hand, opposd my heart (III, II, 9). However, the mens reign over a woman does not end with her marriage.During her life after marriage, one could say that a womans mind is controlled more than ever. Not only must she uphold her fathers name, but her husbands as well. A womans husband also takes control of her as she is nothing more than mere slave that he has bought. In the play, Petruchio executes his power over Kate as he starves her (IV, II, 3-35), and refuses to pay regard to her opinions in how she would like to dress (IV, II, 81-103). No matter the circumstances whether it be choosing a husband or just living life a womans mind is always made up for her.

Child labor Essay Example for Free

Child labor EssayChildren are the future of the nation. They are flowers of our national garden. It is our duty to protect these flowers. Child repel is a socio-economic enigma. Child labour is non a new phenomenon in India. From ancient times, kidskinren were required to do some work either at home or in the field along with their parents.However, we find in Manusmriti and Arthashastra that the king made pedagogy for every chela, boy or girl, compulsory. In those days there was a system of trade of children, who were purchased and converted to slaves by some people. The problem of child labour was identified as a major problem in the 19th century when the first pointory was started in mid-19th century. Legislative measures were first adopted as early as 1881. Since independence there get down been several laws and regulations regarding child labour.Child labour has been specify as any work done by the children in order to economically benefits their family or themselve s like a shot or indirectly, at the cost of their physical, mental or social development. Child is the loveliest creation of nature. But it is the parcel which force them to hard labour. They have to earn livelihood from early childhood, stopping their mental development. The nation suffers a net loss of their capacity as mature adults.Child labour is a global problem. It is more(prenominal) common in underdeveloped countries. Child labour, by and prominent, is a problem of poor and destitute families, where parents can non soften education of their children. They have to depend on the earning of their children.The prevalence of child labour is a blot on society. It is a national disgrace that millions of children in this country have to spend a major spark of their daily routine in hazardous works. The problem of child labour in India is the result of traditionalistic attitudes, urbanisation, industrialisation, migration, lack of education, etcetera However, extreme poverty is the main cause of child labour. According to the UNICEF, India is said to have the largest number of worlds working children. Over 90% of them live in rural areas. The alliance rate in rural urban areas is6.3% and 2.5% respectively. According to a recent report, 17 million children in our country are engaged in earning their livelihood. This constitutes 5% of the total child population of the nation. It is about ternary of the total child labourers of the world.In India, working children are engaged in different organised and nonunionised sectors, both rural and urban areas. In rural sector, children are engaged in field plantations, domesticated jobs, forestry, fishing and cottage industry. In urban sector they are employed at houses, shops, restaurants, small and large industries, transport, communication, garages, etc. In India, working children are also self-employed as newspaper, milk boys, shoeshine boys, rag pickers, rickshaw-pullers, etc. About 78.71% of child worker s are engaged in cultivation and agriculture, 6.3% are employed in fishing, lookup and plantation, 8.63% in manufacturing, processing, repairs, house industry, etc., 3.21% in construction, transport, storage, communication and trade and 3.15% in other services.Child Labour is use in several ways. Preference of child labour by many employers is mainly due to the fact that it is cheap, safe and without any liability. Many children take up the job just because of the non-availability of schools in their areas and thus quite a than sitting idle, they prefer to go to work. Illiteracy and ignorance of parents is also an important factor. These parents do not consider child labour as evil. Child labourers have to work more than adult workers. They are exploited by their employers.There are several constitutional and legal provisions to protect working children. At mystify there are 14 major acts and laws that provide legal protection to the working children. Notwithstanding, the evils of child labour is on the increase. The biggest cause behind its spread is poverty. It cannot be completely eradicated from society unless its root cause is not addressed. Child labour perpetuates poverty.Child labour is economically unsound, psychologically disastrous and ethically wrong. It should be strictly banned. The general improvement in socio-economic conditions of people will result in gradual elimination of child labour.

Aquinas - Wealth and Power Essay Example for Free

doubting doubting Thomas Wealth and Power EssayIn Question II, doubting Thomas Aquinas breaks down the complex question of where or in what homophiles happiness populates, mainly by emphasizing wealth and king. While people dream of obtaining both wealth and index finger in their life, Aquinas emphasizes that both are neither good nor bad, and both make up a mean to an end. Aquinas argues that happiness does not consist in wealth or occasion, yet presents an different(prenominal) argument where he states that happiness can, indeed, be associated with wealth and power.Aquinas puzzles his second question and first word by pondering the question of whether happiness consists in wealth. He breaks down the two types of wealth into painted and infixed. He describes natural wealth as something that relieves mans natural needs, such as food, drink, clothing, travel, cling to and so on. In other words, natural wealth fulfills the needs of humans to live and cannot be mans u ltimate end. On the other hand, artificial wealth is sought only for the sake of natural wealth. Augustine argues that a man would cook no artificial wealth unless he had natural wealth to begin with. With natural wealth, there is a finite derive of objects one needs in order to survive. For example, a soulfulness doesnt not need to demoralise several large pizzas to satisfy their hunger, just a few slices to get some food in their stomach and go on with their day. On the other hand, artificial wealth revolves around objects for which people have endless desires for, such as money.There are some people in society who feel that the only thing that matters in life is the amount of money you can earn before you die, just a dollar sign. However, money cannot buy happiness, wisdom, gruelling relationships, or virtue. Augustine backs up this point by quoting Proverbs 1716 What does it avail a fool to have riches, seeing he cannot buy wisdom? Aquinas takes into account the arguments t hat say that happiness can, in fact, consist of riches by offering examples such as all things obey money (Ecclesiastes 1019). Although he covers both possible sides, he offers his own stance on the question in his response where he covers the differences between artificial and natural wealth.In Aquinas fourth article, he discusses the question of whether happiness consists in power. He argues that it is impossible to have happiness in power for two reasons. The first is that power has the personality of a principle, whereas happiness has the nature of an ultimate end, emphasizing that power is a bureau to an end. Second, he states that power is both good and evil and happiness is the proper and perfect good of man. Although the hook for a normal song, the quote no one man should have all that power uniquely resonates in Aquinas argument against happiness consisting of power. People may believe that if they have a greater sense of power, and then they feel more important and hap pier. The more powerful someone grows, the greater their fear grows of losing the very power they obsess over.A classic example from history is Joseph Stalins command over Russia. He was abandoned so much power on behalf of the communist USSR that he let his sense of power master him. When he had caught word that there was someone planning a revolution in his cabinet, he had both single one of his high commanding officers killed. Very simply, power makes people do very deviant things to remain in their high position. However, Aquinas argues that power cant solve every line in a persons life. To quote Og Mandino, All the gold in the world cannot buy a dying man one more breath so what does that make today cost? This quote accurately depicts that no matter how much power and wealth someone has, it all means nothing when you are facing death. Although one may seem highly satisfied with the power he possess, it is easily revocable and those with power fear they will lose it.Aquina s presents that questions of whether happiness consists of wealth and power and presents firm arguments against each. Although he may find faults with each supposition, especially the warnings of the abundant use of wealth and power, his idea still remains that both wealth and power are neither good nor bad things. For example, if a man is making enough money to feed his family and make a living for himself, that is a fair example of using wealth for good. However, Aquinas reminds us of the arguments against having wealth and power makes up a persons overall happiness. Using both of these values for happiness is simply a means to an end, Thomas Aquinas emphasizes that these things do not lead to everlasting happiness, an argument that I agree with.

Personality In International Relations

Personality In International RelationsThis es give tongue to allow explore the point to which the nature traits of a finis cleric impact upon his remote policies. It leave behind not argue that such idiosyncratic variables alone are the exclusive determinants, but that they arrive a signifi tusht role to play. As political scientist James Barber remarked, Every story of last making is really two stories an outer(a) one in which a rational gentleman calculates and an inner one in which an emotional man feels. The two are forever connected (quoted in Brewer, 1992, p.149). strange insurance decision making is an outgrowth of how individuals with causality perceive and analyse events. Political loss leading are not beyond the r for each one of the homosexual traits of assumptions, subjectivity, prejudices and biases. Their underlying beliefs and motivations will have a bearing upon the conclusions they reach. Culture, geography, history, ideology, and self-conceptions sh ape the thought bear upon of a decision maker, forming what has been referred to as the psycho-socio milieu of decision-making (Sprouts, 1965). The contrary policy decisions of Harry Truman, Saddam ibn Talal Hussein and Charles de Gaulle will be employ as case studies to demonstrate how ad hominemity preserve affect the formulation and writ of execution of hostile policy, whilst besides providing the opportunity to show the differing intents to which such traits have occasion to make an impact, due to situational factors such as in a crisis or in non-democratic regimes. This essay will conclude that the model of individual personality traits is just rough evident in the foreign policies of persons in unrestricted positions of authority, and in crisis situations. In democracies, during non-critical times, the extent to which the attractions personality influences decision making varies according to his relative passive/aggressive nature. Dominant draws will search to r eshape the international political system in accordance with their own personal vision, resulting in foresighted foreign policies through and through which they attempt to advance a central idea, whilst maintenance of the status quo can be attributed more to low-dominance, introert individuals, seeking to power-share and delegate decision making (Etheredge, 1978).The effects of personality on decision making are difficult to quantify. Interpersonal generalisation theory suggests that behavioural differences in interpersonal situations have whatsoever correlation to behavioural differences in international situations, for example, a relationship between self-assertiveness/dominance, and willingness to safety to military action (Etheredge, 1978). However, it would be naive and over-simplified to state that certain personality traits of a decision maker lead a country to war instead they can be seen as tipping the balance towards or a donst a certain policy, because, put succinctly, some leaders are willing to gamble the destiny of their bulk in a war others are not (Ali Musallam, 1996, p.5) It is also important to replication into thoughtfulness the extent to which individual traits can be separated from role- play. Decision makers may act how they perceive a leader in their companionship is expected to act, taking role-appropriate decisions which are not necessarily in line with their personal nature.No individual can know all the relevant factors when making a decision, thus each individuals perception of reality will be different from reality. This incongruence between the mental and operational surrounds permits filters, such as the past experiences of leaders, to shape decision making. It has been argued that there is strong, robust evidence that most human choice is pre certain and powerfully and quickly influenced by emotiondespite their expertise, foreign policy makers are no less biased than other spate (Gross Stein, 2008, p.113). Core beliefs are held to be true even if they cannot be verified, providing the foundation of myths and ideologies efforts to challenge them are met with hostility. The phenomenon of cognitive dissonance enables even the most intelligent of human minds to resist and deny important, uncomfortable aspects of reality. Human psychological make-up limits rationality, having a need for simplicity. In the processing and analysing of complex information, we break down information and postulate how we want to interpret it.When analysing the influence of personality upon foreign policy, it is important to emphasise that the differing political environments surrounding leaders will naturally create highly variable boundaries within which they have the freedom to operate. It is a devoted that a dictator in an authoritarian regime has a great deal greater, unconditional, unaccountable power to create policies meet his personal affairs, than the leader of a commonwealth. Within a democracy, the head of government is obliged, to some extent, to take into consideration the opinions of other authorities and experts, and must especially consult the Foreign Minister with regard to foreign policy. However, ultimately, the closing decision does lie with the leader, and he does accept the power to override other opinion if he wishes. leadership of governments can also have the advant geezerhood of hand-selecting those who they put into positions of power. A leader is likely to choose aboriginal advisors who share his core beliefs and he considers to be generally cooperative, creating an environment in which groupthink has the potential to flourish.Political leaders in democracies should, theoretically, and sometimes in practise, reflect the attitudes and core values of their citizens. Having been through the same socialisation process and sharing the same core heathen values as his citizens, the democratic leader can be seen as an human body of societal character. Decision making is an institutionalised process, in which personality factors merge with cultural primer factors and can often be explained in more generalisable group terms (Cerny, 1980, p.13). The mood of society sets broad boundaries around the theoretical foreign policy alternatives of decision makers. However, it has been alleged that, beyond academic elites in foreign affairs, there exists a lack of public interest in foreign policy becoming too distant and irrelevant compared to domestic issues. It is argued that the general public is ill-informed and unstable, prone to changes in opinionat worst they possess non-attitudes with respect to international politics (Robinson, 2008, p.139). This gives the government greater freedom of movement than in formation and implementation of domestic policies, and hence greater scope for domination by significant personalities and ideologies. Nonetheless, it could also be argued that this presumable apathy is now declining due technological, transportati on and communications revolutions which enable foreign affairs to be brought much closer to the daily lives of ordinary people.Personality can impact to differing extents on the formulation and implementation of foreign policy. Whilst a policy can be formulated, within the relative situational and bureaucratic restraints, to the particular personal appetency of a leader and his colleagues, the implementation stage, translating foreign policy objectives into practise and desired outcomes, is more complex. Attempts to implement a policy can come into conflict with the objectives of other actors and the environment, as the boundary between decision makers and the out of doors world is crossed. It is true that orders may be easily issued, but that is only the beginning of the process of attempting to master ones goalsfor all kinds of states because leaders rely on sub-contracting to bureaucratic agents, some of whom may take the opportunity to decompress down or undermine the policy , or even to run their own policies in competition (BrighiHill, 2008, pp.130-4). Foreign policy is not self-executing, and requires resources, detain or mobilisation of the public, and some political consensus, particularly in a democracy. The more charismatic, persuasive and motivational the leader, the greater his chances of overcoming such opposition. This task is made particularly easy in authoritarian regimes such as North Korea, where the media is subject to state reserve. A leader can gain public support for his policy through the strategic use of propaganda, promoting both his greatness as a decision maker, and that of the policy.President Truman provides an interesting example of a decision maker in a democracy acting under crisis conditions. In the turbulent international conditions of the closure of WWII, he was thrust into power, following the emergent death of President Roosevelt. It was President Truman who took the historical, controversial decision to drop the ato mic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It would be difficult to argue that, under the power of a different presidential personality, the US would definitely not have taken this dramatic course of action. However, a number of factors related to Trumans personality and previous experiences can be linked to his ultimate decision to drop the bomb. The first Truman had heard of the atomic bomb came subsequently his inauguration. This bomb changed the nature of warfare to a degree that is difficult to comprehend. With such little time to relieve such information, having fought as an artillery officer in WWI, it is possible that Truman may have thought about the atomic bomb as simply a largerexplosive than the ones he fired in atomic number 63 (Strong, 2005, p.15). Its radical scale of destruction was close to incomprehensible. A self-confessed amateur in foreign policy, in the shadow of Roosevelt, he wanted to establish himself. He was an active decision maker, preferring to do something r ather than nothing, who enjoyed his presidential powers, and preferred not to delegate authority, believing that the President makes foreign policy (Frankel, 1963, p.21). A direct, pragmatic character, he was willing to be accountable for his decisions, proud of the signon his desk announcing that the buck stops here (Strong, 2005, p.18).Truman continued his presidentship from the aftermath of WWII into the beginnings of the Cold War. Under the heightened tension of possibly imminent nuclear war, presidential power and responsibleness was great the presidents finger was, indeed, on the nuclear trigger (Fraser Murray, 2002, p.5). His conviction in the superiority of capitalism, the benefits to be gained from its acceptation in other parts of the world, and the dangers outlined by Domino Theory, lead him to take a foreign policy of containment with regards to communism. In line with his military background, Truman adopted a confrontational attitude to USSR, what came to be cognis e as the Iron Fist approach, partly in reaction to the previous Western failure of appeasement to stop Nazi expansionism. He was sceptical of all totalitarian states, claiming I dont care what you call them Nazi, communist or Fascist-they are all alike (Gaddis, 1982, p.66). To follow through with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, Truman needed the support of Congress and the public, which he won using his popular, persuasive, extroverted personality. A supporter of the UN, Truman was a convinced internationalist, conscious that the United States should not repeat the isolationist errors of the 1920s (Fraser Murray, 2002, p.9). This helps explain why he followed such an interventionist foreign policy during his presidency. He was willing to place himself as leader of the free world, protecting and expanding his core beliefs in democracy and capitalism.In a dictatorship, foreign policy decisions lie almost bushelly in the custody of the leader his decisions can be made witho ut the accountability, checks and balances which exist in a democracy. In 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein took the decision to invade neighbouring capital of Kuwait. Arguably, the whole war is to be found in his pass and insecurity (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p.350). In the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq, the country was financially destitute. Recent acrimonious encounters with the West added to Husseins growing face of paranoia and desperation. Having bludgeoned his way to the top, Hussein was prepared to use any means possible to stay there (Ali Musallam, 1996, p.45). He had a need to live up to his own hard-line rhetoric, to avoid meeting the fate he had recently seen Romanian dictator Nicolae fall to. Saddam was devious, untrustworthy, greedy, ambitiousand brokehis own people did have about lead goes at assassinating him in the seven months before he invaded Kuwait, so his paranoias of public rioting and coups were not unwarranted (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p.341).Saddam took Kuwaits refu sal of a moratorium on its wartime loans, and refusal of other financial aid to Iraq, as a personal affront. Kuwait was incredibly rich in oil, and virtually defenceless, so to a personality like Saddam Hussein the temptation to solve his economic problems at a stroke must have been irresistible (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p. 322). The usurpation was symptomatic of the stereotypical qualities of a dictator. Aggressive, egotistical and unwilling to compromise, Hussein simply decided he would take what he wanted. His bloodthirsty, ruthless nature and readiness to resort to violence can be traced back to his childhood socialisation. Suffering the physical and psychological abuse of his stepfather, Hussein was raised in the hard world of the mountains, and mafia-like warlords and family clans that control them. Guns were seen as essential to a manit is alleged that Saddam had shot and killed his first man by the age of eleven (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p. 314). This culture of casual violence in fluenced his beliefs in the harsh realities of the survival of the fittest. As a child, he would be sent to work in the fields whilst his stepbrothers would be allowed to go to school, aiding the development of his intense inferiority complex which would lead to his hunger for power and glory in later life (Ali Musallam, 1996).The former french President Charles de Gaulle was highly driven by his ideology and patriotism. He took a keen interest in foreign policy, and had the ultimate goal of restoring French historic cultural greatness on the international stage. De Gaulle came to power as a highly respected, charismatic military leader with great moral authority, often playing up to this image by making public appearances in military uniform. He obsessed over his legacy, wanting to be an inspiration for the generations of French citizens that would come after him becoming a symbolic embodiment of how he perceived France. He was well aware of his own great personality and prestige , conscious of animateness his own biography, and often spoke of himself in the third person (Grosser, 1967, p.26). He assumed the role he believed a leader should take whilst in public, conforming to the perceived requirements of the title, whilst keeping his private life as detatched as possible.De Gaulles father, passionate about politics and history, was a professor who instilled his pride of France and her past into his son (de Gaulle, 1998). He considered all the actions he made by how they would mark history less concerned with the criticisms made by those at the time of his action, and more by their judgement by future historians. Despite being a strong advocate of democracy, de Gaulle grew up in a royalist environment, and carried with him to adulthood its goals of continuity, leadership and an embodiment of the state, which were reflected in his politics. De Gaulles first Prime Minister was Michel Debr, a devoted Gaullist who could not refuse to do what his hero asked him to do (Thody, 1998, p.23). There was a certain unwillingness amongst de Gaulles advisors to disagree with their charismatic leader he encouraged an environment of groupthink by surrounding himself with people of a similar view point. This was the perfect occasion for his personality to potently influence the direction of French foreign policy. Possessing a certain distrust of diplomatic personnel, there is no doubt that it is General de Gaulle himself who makes the decisions on foreign policy issues (Grosser, 1967, p.13). A strong believer in intuition, if he felt a decision was right for France, he would take it.De Gaulles foreign policy was farsighted in that it was based upon his image of a post cold-war world, in which the mature nations of the old world and the newly sovereign states of the Third World would act to counterbalance thehegemony ofthe US and the Soviet Union (Cerny, 1980, p.1). A born maverick, de Gaulle was not afraid to make his foreign policy disruptive of th e world order. His self-perception was that of a guardian of national interest he wanted to develop autonomy for his people by resisting the strength of the superpowers and exercising power uneven with his relatively limited resource capabilities, through manipulation of the international system it would be fair to say that he had a taste for the impossible (Grosser, 1967, p.65). His policy of boycotting NATO and UN conferences was to oblige others to take greater account of France through absence than they do when she is obliged to join in decisions over which she can exert no deciding(prenominal) influence (Grosser, 1967, p.132). His doubts over the support of the US against Soviet invasion lead to his decision to develop a French nuclear deterrent, and to withdraw troops from NATO in 1966. He refused to accept that the two superpowers should be the sole possessors of nuclear power. De Gaulle strongly linked the notion of national security to independence, the intertwining of di plomatic and military strength, which can be explained by his military background. It would appear that the personal style of the General gives its special shape to a policy whichcorresponds to French desiresit is a policy that dares to take risks, to gamble for high stakes, to court failure rather than resigning itself to averageness and timidity (Grosser, 1967, p.xi). De Gaulle symbolically rejected Britains entry into the ECC, fearing it would upset the Franco-German leadership. He saw Britain as a fifth column Horse for America to gain greater influence in Europe, and was so strong in his beliefs he dared to take a stance against the other five ECC members it isunlikely that any French politico other than de Gaulle would have vetoed Great Britains attempt to join the ECC (Thody, 1998, p.29).This essay has shown that the role of personality in the formulation and implementation is variable. The more critical a situation is perceived to be, the fewer people will be directly invo lved in its management, and so there is a greater likeliness that their conclusions and actions will reflect their own personal beliefs, attitudes and interests. Despite institutional constraints, the political leader has a significant influence over decision making, particularly when national security is seen to be at stake, or when policy can be formed relatively secretly. Even in non-crisis situations, a political leader has the potential to engagement power and thereby impose his preferences on policy. The extent to which he does so depends on his own values, beliefs, background and personality (Brewer, 1992, p.160). Every person in a position of power brings personal experiences, values, preconceptions and emotions to their decision making, although some will allow bureaucracy and the power-sharing nature of democracy to counter and balance these idiosyncrasies. Ultimately, the personality of a leader has the most influence in unaccountable, dictatorial regimes, often due to t he climate of fear surrounding their measureless powers. However, even a dictator cannot continuously take whichever foreign policy actions he pleases without some ultimate restraints posed by resources, the international community, uprising of his own people or a coup.